Table 2.
Bivariate associations with food security prevalence at baseline and follow-up
| Baseline | Follow-up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food secure n (%) 165 (19.2) | Food insecurea n (%) 694 (80.8) | p valueb | Food secure n (%) 195 (30.7) | Food insecure n (%) 440 (69.3) | p valueb | |
| Age | ||||||
| <18 years | 12 (7.3) | 34 (4.9) | 0.434 | 11 (5.6) | 26 (5.9) | 0.060 |
| 18–24 years | 52 (31.5) | 208 (30.0) | 68 (34.9) | 118 (26.8) | ||
| 25–35 years | 88 (53.3) | 376 (54.2) | 103 (52.8) | 241 (54.8) | ||
| >35 years | 13 (7.9) | 76 (10.9) | 13 (6.7) | 55 (12.5) | ||
| Race | ||||||
| Black | 104 (72.8) | 505 (63.0) | 0.013 | 118 (60.5) | 358 (81.4) | <0.001 |
| Mixed ancestry | 61 (27.2) | 189 (37.0) | 77 (39.5) | 82 (18.6) | ||
| Other children (from previous pregnancies) | ||||||
| No children | 78 (47.3) | 247 (35.6) | 0.005 | 87 (44.6) | 153 (34.8) | 0.010 |
| 1–2 children | 78 (47.3) | 364 (52.4) | 95 (48.7) | 228 (51.8) | ||
| ⩾3 children | 9 (5.4) | 83 (12.0) | 13 (6.7) | 59 (13.4) | ||
| Planned pregnancy | 67 (21.7) | 242 (78.3) | 0.168 | 83 (42.6) | 148 (33.6) | 0.031 |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 82 (49.7) | 256 (36.9) | <0.001 | 111 (56.9) | 166 (37.7) | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 64 (38.8) | 402 (57.9) | 79 (40.5) | 248 (56.4) | ||
| Student | 19 (11.5) | 36 (5.2) | 5 (2.6) | 26 (5.9) | ||
| Financial support from partner | 78 (47.3) | 268 (38.6) | 0.042 | 96 (49.2) | 16 (38.4) | 0.011 |
| Any social support grant | 75 (54.5) | 379 (45.4) | 0.034 | 78 (40.0) | 232 (52.7) | 0.003 |
| Child support grant | 65 (39.4) | 349 (50.3) | 0.012 | 74 (37.9) | 225 (51.1) | 0.002 |
| People per sleeping room | ||||||
| 1–2 people | 99 (60.0) | 321 (46.3) | 0.005 | 107 (54.9) | 203 (46.1) | 0.083 |
| 3–4 people | 58 (35.2) | 314 (45.2) | 76 (39.0) | 194 (44.1) | ||
| ⩾5 people | 8 (4.9) | 59 (8.5) | 12 (6.2) | 43 (9.8) | ||
| HIV-infected | 23 (13.9) | 133 (19.2) | 0.118 | 23 (11.8) | 103 (23.4) | 0.001 |
| Pregnancy status | ||||||
| Pregnant | 60 (36.4) | 157 (22.6) | 0.001 | 12 (6.2) | 10 (2.3) | 0.037 |
| ⩽6 months after birth | 103 (62.4) | 528 (76.1) | 179 (91.8) | 424 (96.4) | ||
| Miscarriage/stillbirth | 2 (1.2) | 9 (1.3) | 4 (2.0) | 6 (1.4) | ||
| Psychological distressc | 21 (12.7) | 205 (29.5) | <0.001 | 15 (7.7) | 72 (16.4) | 0.003 |
| Probable CMDd | 7 (4.2) | 99 (14.3) | <0.001 | 8 (4.1) | 38 (8.6) | 0.042 |
| Domestic violence | ||||||
| Psychological abuse | 19 (11.5) | 119 (17.2) | 0.077 | 14 (7.2) | 46 (10.4) | 0.193 |
| Physical abuse | 15 (9.1) | 106 (15.3) | 0.040 | 7 (3.6) | 47 (10.7) | 0.003 |
| Sexual abuse | 0 | 14 (2.0) | 0.066 | 0 | 5 (1.1) | 0.135 |
| Any abuse | 24 (14.5) | 155 (22.3) | 0.027 | 15 (7.7) | 63 (14.3) | 0.019 |
aFood insecure (mild, moderate and severely food insecure).
bχ2 test.
c ⩾ 2 on the psychological distress questionnaire.
dCommon mental disorder, ⩾13 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).