Table 2.

Fungi and autotrophs in the marine plastisphere.

Species	Type of plastic	Studied area	Incubation time	Sample type	Method	Reference
Fungus
Chytridiomycota, Cryptomycota and Ascomycota	PE,PS	Baltic Sea	15 days	sea surface	V4 18S rRNA sequencing	Kettner et al., 2017 [34]
Paramoeba permaquidensis, Paramoeba aestuarina, Pleurobrachia pileus, Sugiura chengshanense, Sagartia elegans, and Rhizostoma pulmo	PE	Belgian part of the North Sea	1–44 months	seafloor	ITS2	De Tender et al., 2017 [66]
Chytridiomycetes	PE, PP, PS, PET, PLA	North Sea, Germany	15 months		V4 18S rRNA sequencing	Kirstein et al., 2018 [168]
Chytridium, Rhizidiomyces and Pythium	PE, PS	Baltic Sea	15 days	sea surface	V4 18S rRNA sequencing	Kettner et al., 2019 [69]
Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Wallemia	PE, PA, PU, PP, PS	western South Atlantic and Antarctic Peninsula	–	sea surface	V9, V4 18S rRNA and ITS2	Lacerda et al., 2020 [84]
Pleosporales	PE	Herzliya marina	1 months	sea surface	ITS	Davidov et a., 2020 [65]
Autotroph
Coscinodiscophytina, Bacillariophytina	PET	North Sea	1 month	sea surface	V9 18S rRNA sequencing	Sonja et al., 2016 [110]
Cryptophyceae, Haptophyta and Chloroplastida	PE, PS	Baltic Sea	15 days	sea surface	V4 18S rRNA sequencing	Kettner et al., 2019 [69]
Archaeplastida	–	East China Sea	–	deepwater	V4 18S rRNA sequencing	Wu et al., 2018 [170]
Navicula, Achnanathes, Amphora, Nitzschia, Rhaphoneis, Cylindrotheca, Aneumastus and Ochrophyta	PE	Herzliya marina	1 months	sea surface	18S rRNA and tufA	Davidov et a., 2020 [65]
diatoms, dinoflagellates, red, green, and brown algae	PETE, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, PS	Coast of Bocas del Toro	6 weeks	sea surface	V4 18S rRNA sequencing	Dudek et al., 2020 [173]