Fig. 4.

Immune response of Covaxin and Covisheild. Covaxin: the virus is used in its inactive form, but its S protein remained intact. Aluminium-based adjuvant was also used here. Some of the inactivated viruses are captured by APCs inside the host. The coronavirus is processed apart by the antigen-presenting cell and displays some of the fragments on its surface. The fragment could be detected by helper T cell and become activated, which can help recruit other immune cells to respond to the vaccine if the fragment fits into one of its surface proteins. Covisheild: the genetic instruction of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has infiltrated the adenovirus. In the body, the virus is engulfed in a bubble by the cell, which pulls it within. Once inside, the adenovirus breaks free from the bubble and proceeds to the nucleus and pushes into it. The coronavirus S protein gene may be read by the cell and copied into mRNA, which begins constructing S proteins after it leaves the nucleus. Some of the cell’s S proteins make spikes that migrate to the cell’s surface and stick out their tips. Some of the proteins are also broken down into pieces by the vaccinated cells, which are present on their surface. The immune system can then recognize these protruding spikes and S protein fragments