Table 1. Multivariable Analysis of Demographics, Preexisting Conditions, and Injury Characteristics Associated With EPS Developmenta.
Variable | Adjusted risk ratio (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|
Age | 0.99 (0.99-1.00) | .045 |
IRSAD quintile | .23 | |
1st (Most disadvantaged) | 1 [Reference] | |
2nd | 1.31 (0.93-1.85) | .12 |
3rd | 0.98 (0.69-1.40) | .93 |
4th | 0.96 (0.68-1.35) | .81 |
5th (Least disadvantaged) | 1.19 (0.87-1.63) | .29 |
Preexisting Charlson Comorbidity Index | <.001 | |
0 | 1 [Reference] | |
1 | 1.76 (1.34-2.33) | <.001 |
≥2 | 3.87 (2.95-5.09) | <.001 |
History of alcohol misuse | 1.06 (0.78-1.43) | .72 |
Trauma type | ||
Isolated TBI | 1 [Reference] | |
Multitrauma | 0.95 (0.74-1.22) | .69 |
Cause of injury | .38 | |
Motor vehicle crash | 1 [Reference] | |
Motorcycle | 0.88 (0.42-1.84) | .73 |
Bicycle | 1.51 (0.74-3.11) | .26 |
Pedestrian | 1.38 (0.79-2.42) | .26 |
Low fall | 1.63 (1.03-2.56) | .04 |
High fall | 1.33 (0.79-2.23) | .29 |
Others | 1.46 (0.90-2.38) | .12 |
Subdural hematoma | 1.77 (1.32-2.37) | <.001 |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 1.40 (1.13-1.74) | .002 |
Intraventricular hemorrhage | 1.11 (0.68-1.81) | .67 |
Epidural hematoma | 0.83 (0.59-1.18) | .31 |
Base-of-skull fracture | 0.82 (0.63-1.06) | .13 |
Vault fractures | 0.89 (0.67-1.19) | .44 |
AIS head severity | <.001 | |
3 | 1 [Reference] | |
4 | 1.45 (1.01-2.07) | .04 |
5-6 | 3.02 (1.88-4.84) | <.001 |
Injury Severity Score | 0.98 (0.96-1.00) | .04 |
Glasgow Coma Scale score | .007 | |
Mild head injury | 1 [Reference] | |
Moderate | 1.21 (0.88-1.65) | .24 |
Severe | 1.47 (1.15-1.87) | .002 |
Abbreviations: AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; IRSAD, Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage; TBI, traumatic brain injury.
Factors were included into multivariable analysis with a cutoff of P = .20.