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. 2022 Feb 21;79(4):334–341. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.5420

Table 1. Multivariable Analysis of Demographics, Preexisting Conditions, and Injury Characteristics Associated With EPS Developmenta.

Variable Adjusted risk ratio (95% CI) P value
Age 0.99 (0.99-1.00) .045
IRSAD quintile .23
1st (Most disadvantaged) 1 [Reference]
2nd 1.31 (0.93-1.85) .12
3rd 0.98 (0.69-1.40) .93
4th 0.96 (0.68-1.35) .81
5th (Least disadvantaged) 1.19 (0.87-1.63) .29
Preexisting Charlson Comorbidity Index <.001
0 1 [Reference]
1 1.76 (1.34-2.33) <.001
≥2 3.87 (2.95-5.09) <.001
History of alcohol misuse 1.06 (0.78-1.43) .72
Trauma type
Isolated TBI 1 [Reference]
Multitrauma 0.95 (0.74-1.22) .69
Cause of injury .38
Motor vehicle crash 1 [Reference]
Motorcycle 0.88 (0.42-1.84) .73
Bicycle 1.51 (0.74-3.11) .26
Pedestrian 1.38 (0.79-2.42) .26
Low fall 1.63 (1.03-2.56) .04
High fall 1.33 (0.79-2.23) .29
Others 1.46 (0.90-2.38) .12
Subdural hematoma 1.77 (1.32-2.37) <.001
Subarachnoid hemorrhage 1.40 (1.13-1.74) .002
Intraventricular hemorrhage 1.11 (0.68-1.81) .67
Epidural hematoma 0.83 (0.59-1.18) .31
Base-of-skull fracture 0.82 (0.63-1.06) .13
Vault fractures 0.89 (0.67-1.19) .44
AIS head severity <.001
3 1 [Reference]
4 1.45 (1.01-2.07) .04
5-6 3.02 (1.88-4.84) <.001
Injury Severity Score 0.98 (0.96-1.00) .04
Glasgow Coma Scale score .007
Mild head injury 1 [Reference]
Moderate 1.21 (0.88-1.65) .24
Severe 1.47 (1.15-1.87) .002

Abbreviations: AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; IRSAD, Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage; TBI, traumatic brain injury.

a

Factors were included into multivariable analysis with a cutoff of P = .20.