Table 2.
Multilevel multinomial logistic regression model for the association between family income, neighbourhood income and underweight, overweight and obesity categories compared with normal weight in children aged 0–12 years
| Exposure variable | Model 1 (adjusted for child age, sex, number of family members, maternal ethnicity) OR (95% CI) |
Model 2 (adjusted for all variables in model 1 plus adjustment for family or neighborhood-level income variables)* OR (95% CI) |
||||
| Underweight (zBMI<−2) | Overweight (1<zBMI ≤2) | Obesity (zBMI>2) | Underweight (zBMI<−2) | Overweight (1<zBMI≤2) | Obesity (zBMI>2) | |
| Family income ($C) | ||||||
| Q1 (<$70 244) | 0.81 (0.51 to 1.29) | 1.13 (0.85 to 1.51) | 4.69 (2.65 to 8.29) | 0.73 (0.45 to 1.20) | 1.20 (0.89 to 1.62) | 4.36 (2.40 to 7.90) |
| Q2 ($70 244–1 16 236) | 0.87 (0.55 to 1.37) | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.34) | 2.69 (1.51 to 4.79) | 0.81 (0.51 to 1.28) | 1.06 (0.80 to 1.40) | 2.64 (1.47 to 4.74) |
| Q3 ($1 16 237–1 63 081) | 1.12 (0.73 to 1.73) | 1.06 (0.81 to 1.38) | 2.42 (1.35 to 4.34) | 1.07 (0.69 to 1.66) | 1.09 (0.83 to 1.42) | 2.38 (1.31 to 4.30) |
| Q4 ($1 63 082–2 21 438) | 0.82 (0.51 to 1.30) | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.20) | 1.72 (0.94 to 3.16) | 0.79 (0.49 to 1.26) | 0.93 (0.71 to 1.22) | 1.71 (0.93 to 3.15) |
| Q5 (>$221 438) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Neighbourhood-level income ($C) | ||||||
| Q1 (<$62 336) | 1.26 (0.78 to 2.03) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.20) | 2.18 (1.33 to 3.58) | 1.38 (0.83 to 2.27) | 0.84 (0.63 to 1.13) | 1.39 (0.83 to 2.34) |
| Q2 ($62 336–80 383) | 1.56 (0.98 to 2.50) | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.15) | 1.23 (0.72 to 2.11) | 1.65 (1.02 to 2.67) | 0.84 (0.63 to 1.11) | 0.89 (0.52 to 1.54) |
| Q3 ($80 384–96 109) | 0.95 (0.57 to 1.58) | 0.82 (0.62 to 1.08) | 1.35 (0.80 to 2.30) | 0.98 (0.59 to 1.65) | 0.79 (0.60 to 1.05) | 1.03 (0.60 to 1.76) |
| Q4 ($96 110–1 16 607) | 1.49 (0.93 to 2.39) | 0.96 (0.74 to 1.25) | 1.39 (0.83 to 2.32) | 1.54 (0.95 to 2.48) | 0.94 (0.72 to 1.23) | 1.12 (0.67 to 1.89) |
| Q5 (>$116 607) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Material deprivation (quintiles) | ||||||
| Q1 (most deprived) | 1.08 (0.67 to 1.74) | 1.33 (0.99 to 1.78) | 2.45 (1.52 to 3.95) | 1.14 (0.68 to 1.89) | 1.29 (0.95 to 1.76) | 1.56 (0.94 to 2.58) |
| Q2 | 1.22 (0.77 to 1.94) | 1.11 (0.83 to 1.47) | 1.75 (1.08 to 2.83) | 1.26 (0.79 to 2.03) | 1.09 (0.81 to 1.50) | 1.29 (0.79 to 2.11) |
| Q3 | 1.27 (0.82 to 1.96) | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.44) | 1.32 (0.82 to 2.12) | 1.31 (0.84 to 2.05) | 1.10 (0.85 to 1.43) | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.67) |
| Q4 | 1.67 (1.12 to 2.49) | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.39) | 0.94 (0.58 to 1.52) | 1.69 (1.13 to 2.52) | 1.09 (0.86 to 1.39) | 0.82 (0.51 to 1.34) |
| Q5 (least deprived) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
*Model 2 for self-reported family income is adjusted for all variables in model 1 plus neighbourhood income; model 2 for neighbourhood income level is adjusted for all variables in model 1 plus family income; model 2 for material deprivation is adjusted for all variables in model 1 plus self-reported family income. Normal weight (−2≤zBMI≤1) is the reference category for the dependent variable.
BMI, body mass index; $C, Canadian dollars; zBMI, BMI z-scores.