Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample, stratified by ethnic group*
| Black African | White British | Black Caribbean | P value† | |
| n=607 (71.6%) | n=71 (8.4%) | n=46 (5.4%) | ||
| Median age (years) | 49 | 51 | 50 | 0.37 |
| Employment | 0.56 | |||
| Employed | 397 (65.4) | 45 (63.4) | 27 (58.7) | |
| Unemployed | 183 (30.1) | 24 (33.8) | 17 (37.0) | |
| Education | <0.001 | |||
| Did not complete school | 57 (9.4) | 12 (16.9) | 9 (19.6) | |
| ‘O’ level‡ | 120 (19.8) | 26 (36.6) | 15 (32.6) | |
| ‘A’ level§ | 118 (19.4) | 14 (19.7) | 3 (6.5) | |
| University | 275 (45.3) | 18 (25.4) | 10 (21.7) | |
| Enough money for basic needs | ||||
| All/most the time | 337 (56.4) | 58 (82.9) | 29 (63.0) | <0.001 |
| Some/none of the time | 260 (43.6) | 12 (17.1) | 17 (37.0) | |
| Born in the UK | ||||
| Yes | 14 (2.3) | 67 (95.7) | 20 (45.5) | <0.001 |
| No | 584 (97.7) | 3 (4.3) | 24 (54.6) | |
| Immigration status | ||||
| Secure | 527 | 64 | 39 | <0.001 |
| Insecure | 60 | 0 | 2 | |
| Social isolation | ||||
| No | 242 (39.9) | 18 (25.4) | 22 (47.8) | 0.03 |
| Yes (score ≥12) | 365 (60.1) | 53 (74.7) | 24 (52.2) | |
| Current smoker | ||||
| No | 576 (97.5) | 48 (69.6) | 34 (77.3) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 15 (2.5) | 21 (30.4) | 10 (22.7) | |
| High risk alcohol use | ||||
| No | 39 (6.9) | 50 (75.8) | 35 (87.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes (AUDIT ≥5) | 529 (93.1) | 16 (24.2) | 5 (12.5) | |
| Recreational drug use | ||||
| No | 589 (98.8) | 60 (89.6) | 40 (93.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 7 (1.2) | 7 (10.4) | 3 (7.0) | |
| Ever diagnosed with depression | ||||
| Yes | 156 (26.5) | 37 (52.9) | 21 (45.7) | <0.001 |
| No | 433 (73.5) | 33 (47.1) | 25 (54.4) | |
| Currently using antidepressants (if ever diagnosed with depression) | ||||
| Yes | 68 (26.8) | 19 (40.4) | 17 (70.8) | 0.166 |
| No | 186 (73.2) | 28 (59.6) | 7 (29.2) | |
| Psychological distress | ||||
| Yes (PHQ-4 ≥6) | 139 (25.0) | 11 (15.7) | 14 (34.2) | 0.08 |
| No | 417 (75.0) | 59 (84.3) | 27 (65.8) | |
| Years since diagnosis (IQR) | 14 (10–17) | 13 (6–23) | 10 (5–14) | 0.009 |
| Most recent CD4 count (cells/mm3) | ||||
| ≥500 | 358 (66.8) | 48 (68.6) | 20 (66.7) | 0.96 |
| 200–499 | 142 (26.5) | 19 (27.1) | 8 (26.7) | |
| <200 | 36 (6.72) | 3 (4.3) | 2 (6.7) | |
| Most recent HIV viral load | ||||
| Undetectable | 498 (87.5) | 64 (90.1) | 35 (92.1) | 0.60 |
| Detectable | 71 (12.5) | 7 (9.9) | 3 (7.9) | |
*Number of respondents varies between questions due to missing data.
†χ2 or Kruskal-Wallis test.
‡Equivalent to completing US Grade 10.
§Equivalent to completing US Grade 12.
PHQ4, Patient Health Questionnaire 4.