Fig. 4.

Major Bacterial Families Causing Increased Fecal Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in Spinal-Onset ALS and Decreased Oral Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in Bulbar-Onset ALS. A Percent abundance of Ruminococcaceae family (a member of the Firmicutes phyla) and Bacteroidaceae family (a member of the Bacteroidetes phyla) in the gut microbiome. Results represent both ALS (spinal- and bulbar-onset ALS combined) or spinal- and bulbar-onset ALS quantified separately. B Percent abundance of Veilonellaceae family (a member of the Firmicutes phyla) and Prevotellaceae family (a member of the Bacteroidetes phyla) in the oral microbiome. Statistics: For comparisons between controls and ALS patients (combined), Mann–Whitney test was utilized. For contrasts between control, spinal-onset ALS, and bulbar-onset ALS, Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc multiple comparisons test was utilized. Values represent sample median with interquartile range. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001