Fig. 5.

Three main approaches to adoptive cell therapy (ACT) and the application of CRISPR in them. a Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are produced by surgical removal of tumors and enrichment and amplification of TILs from tumor samples. b Isolation and purification of primary T cells from cancer patients, followed by CRISPR-mediated targeted insertion of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) and engineered T cell receptors (TCR). CRISPR can then knock out immune checkpoint genes in T cells to enhance T cell function. c Primary T cells are isolated from healthy donors and purified, and the CRISPR system is used to introduce CAR and engineered TCR. Genes encoding endogenous TCR and human leukocyte antigen are subsequently knocked out with CRISPR/Cas9 to generate “universal” allogeneic CAR-T cells or TCR-T cells