Table 1.

Primers used for tick species confirmation and detection of pathogens in ticks

Target gene	Reaction	Sequence (5′–3′)	Amplicon size (base pairs)	Annealing	Reference
Tick species identification
COX1	PCR	cox1F: GGAACAATATATTTAATTTTTGG cox1R: ATCTATCCCTACTGTAAATATATGa	849	55 °C	[51]
Babesia/Theileria spp.
18S rRNA	PCR	BJ1: GTCTTGTAATTGGAATGATGG BN2: TAGTTTATGGTTAGGACTACGa	411–452	55 °C	[52]
Rickettsia spp.
gltA	PCR	Rsfg877: GGGGGCCTGCTCACGGCGG Rfsg1258: ATTGCAAAAAGTACAGTGAACAa	381	56 °C	[53]
ompA	PCR	Rr190.70p: ATGGCGAATATTTCTCCAAAA Rr190.701n: GTTCCGTTAATGGCAGCATCTa	631	46 °C	[54]
ompB	Nested PCR	PCR1: ompB-OF: GTAACCGGAAGTAATCGTTTCGTAA ompB-OR: CTTTATAACCAGCTAAACCACC Nested PCR: ompB SFG-IF: GTTTAATACGTGCTGCTAACCAAa ompB SFG/TG-IR: GGTTTGGCCCATATACCATAAGa	489 425	54 °C 56 °C	[55]
Borrelia spp.
16S-23S rRNA	Nested PCR	PCR1: Bospp-IGS-F: GTATGTTTAGTGAGGGGGGTG Bospp-IGS-R: GGATCATAGCTCAGGTGGTTAG Nested PCR: Bospp-IGS-Fi: AGGGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAG Bospp-IGS-Ri: GTCTGATAAACCTGAGGTCGGAa	1007 388–685	56 °C 58 °C	[56]
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Major surface protein 2 ( Msp2)	qPCR	ApMSP2f: TGGAAGGTAGTGTTGGTTATGGTATT ApMSP2r: TTGGTCTTGAAGCGCTCGTA ApMSP2p: TGGTGCCAGGGTTGAGCTTGAGATTG	77	60 °C	[57]
Tick-borne encephalitis virus
3′non-coding region	RT-qPCR	F_TBE_1: GGGCGGTTCTTGTTCTCC R_TBE_1: ACACATCACCTCCTTGTCAGACT TBE-probe-WT: TGAGCCACCATCACCCAGACACA	67	60 °C	[58]

^aPrimers used in sequencing PCR