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. 2022 Feb 22;19:24. doi: 10.1186/s12984-022-00999-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Meta-analyses indicating the effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) to the unaffected M1 in modulating bilateral cortical excitability. The meta-analysis showed that LF-rTMS was significantly effective to decrease (a) and increase (b) rMT of the affected and unaffected M1 after multiple sessions of stimulation, respectively. Although LF-rTMS also tended to increase the aMT of the unaffected M1, the pooled Hedges’ g value was not significant (c). A single session of LF-rTMS significantly increased the MEP amplitude of the affected M1 by 22.14% (d); similar results were also found after multiple sessions of stimulation (f). Conversely, the MEP amplitude of the unaffected M1 significantly decreased by 21.29% immediately after a single session of LF-rTMS (e); similarly, the MEP amplitude of the unaffected M1 significantly decreased after multiple sessions of LF-rTMS (g). rMT resting motor threshold; aMT active motor threshold, MEP motor-evoked potentials