Fig. 7.

In vivo experiments to investigate the effects of glyphosate or tylosin exposure on the melanization cascade in the hemolymph of honey bees. A–F Dopachrome formation was measured in the hemolymph of honey bees previously exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate or tylosin. A, B No l-DOPA was added to the assays. C–F l-DOPA was added to the assays. Samples were incubated for 30 min at 30 °C, and absorbance was measured at 490 nm. A, C, D, E n = 8 samples per group. B n = 4 samples for control, 0.1 mM glyphosate and 1 mM glyphosate groups; n = 8 samples for 10 mM glyphosate group, n = 6 samples for 0.1 mM tylosin and 1 mM tylosin groups. F n = 8 samples per group, except n = 4 for 10 mM tylosin group. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups in any assay (p > 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis tests). MD microbiota defective, CV conventional microbiota