Table 2.
Absolute values for the whole sample and statistical differences between pre- and post-assessments. P-values for differences between the groups, digital programme (DP) and the paper booklet (PB)
| n Pre post |
Median (Q1-Q3) Pre post |
p-valuea within group |
Effect size (rrb)b |
DP Pre: n 29c Post: n 24c |
PB Pre: n 38c Post: n 24c |
p-valued between groups | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPPB, (0–12) | 67 | 9 (8–10) | 0.058 | 0.34 | 10 (8–10) | 9 (8–10) | 0.522 |
| 48 | 10 (9–11) | 10 (9–11.3) | 9.5 (7.75–11) | ||||
| Gait speed 4 m, m/s | 67 | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.204 | 0.21 | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.976 |
| 48 | 0.9 (0.7–0.9) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | ||||
| Balance score (0–4) | 67 | 4 (3–4) | 0.842 | −0.07 | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) | 0.728 |
| 48 | 4 (4–4) | 4 (4–4) | 4 (3–4) | ||||
| 5TSTS, sec | 64 | 15.4 (13.1–17.6) | < .001 | −0.65 | 15.5 (13.9–16.9)−1 | 15.1 (13.0–19.7)−2 | 0.846 |
| 48 | 14.1 (11.9–15.3) | 14.5 (11.2–15.2) | 13.6 (12.0–15.5) | ||||
| 30s CST, n | 65 | 11 (10–13) | < .001 | 0.76 | 11 (10–12.3)−1 | 11 (9–13)− 1 | 0.870 |
| 47 | 12 (10–13) | 12 (10–13.5)−1 | 12 (10–13) | ||||
| ABC, total score (0–100) | 67 | 84.0 (73.0–89.5) | 0.520 | 0.10 | 85.0 (73.0–92.0) | 83.5 (69.5–89.0) | 0.715 |
| 53 | 86.0 (75.0–93.0) | 87.0 (75.0–93.0)+ 3 | 83.0 (71.5–90.8)+ 2 | ||||
| Icon-FES, total score (30–120) | 67 | 47.0 (40.5–56.5) | 0.391 | −0.14 | 49.0 (38.0–55.0) | 46.5 (42.3–58.8) | 0.236 |
| 53 | 46.0 (38.0–54.0) | 43.0 (38.5–51.5)+ 3 | 47.0 (39.3–61.5)+ 2 | ||||
| LLFDI-FC, scaled score (0–100) | 66 | 62.7 (54.9–70.4) | 0.420 | 0.13 | 63.0 (58.0–71.3) | 62.5 (54.5–68.8)−1 | 0.298 |
| 53 | 63.5 (56.9–71.3) | 66.8 (59.6–71.3)+ 3 | 61.0 (54.7–68.5)+ 2 | ||||
| Upper extremity | 66 | 82.0 (71.0–88.0) | 0.836 | 0.04 | 82.0 (71.0–82.0) | 82.0 (68.4–88.0)−1 | 0.496 |
| 53 | 82.0 (73.9–88.0) | 82.0 (73.9–88.0)+ 3 | 82.0 (71.7–88.0)+ 2 | ||||
| Basic lower extremity | 66 | 69.4 (64.3–81.2) | 0.172 | 0.23 | 72.1 (67.2–88.0) | 68.6 (61.8–77.2)−1 | 0.557 |
| 53 | 72.1 (64.8–81.2) | 74.3 (70.2–84.6)+ 3 | 68.7 (62.1–81.2)+ 2 | ||||
| Adv. lower extremity | 66 | 57.0 (45.8–66.2) | 0.893 | 0.02 | 57.0 (49.7–67.1) | 55.9 (45.8–63.6)−1 | 0.290 |
| 53 | 58.2 (45.8–69.1) | 59.4 (51.3–69.1) + 3 | 54.8 (45.1–66.2)+ 2 | ||||
| Self-rated balance improvement (1–5) | 53 | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–5) + 3 | 4 (3–4) + 2 | 0.111 | ||
| Self-rated leg strength improvement (1–5) | 53 | 3 (3–4) | 4 (3–4.5) + 3 | 3 (3–4) + 2 | 0.033 |
SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, 5TSTS Five times sit-to-stand, 30s CST 30 s chair stand test, ABC Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, Icon-FES Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale, LLFDI-FC Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument-function component
a Wilcoxon signed-rank test; b rrb;Rank biserial correlation; c numbers after the parentheses indicate missing or extra data (participants who withdraw could participate in questionnaire by mail). d Mann–Whitney U-test. The study was not powered for effects