Table 1.
Descriptive statistics: means of the AMR and health system variables
| n | CRGN | FRGN | NRGN | nurses | docs | DDD | CPI | hsp | DALYs | beds | ALOS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a. EU/EEA | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 30 | 2.6% | 26.6% | 13.1% | 6.6 | 3.6 | 20.3 | 253 | 52.8 | 27,462 | 358 | 7.6 |
| b. geo | ||||||||||||
| NWC | 16 | 0.9% | 17.0% | 7.8% | 9.7 | 3.6 | 16.9 | 313 | 57.6 | 26,232 | 342 | 7.4 |
| SEC | 14 | 10.1% | 37.3% | 25.4% | 5.0 | 3.4 | 22.1 | 209 | 45.6 | 29,666 | 407 | 7.6 |
| p (2-tailed test) | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.608 | 0.038 | p < 0.001 | 0.025 | 0.110 | 0.448 | 0.400 | |
| c. nurses_2G | ||||||||||||
| Low | 15 | 9.6% | 34.2% | 25.6% | 4.9 | 3.4 | 20.9 | 214 | 44.7 | 30,579 | 374 | 7.6 |
| High | 15 | 1.0% | 18.6% | 7.1% | 9.8 | 3.7 | 18.5 | 317 | 59.4 | 25,637 | 335 | 7.1 |
| p (2-tailed test) | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.436 | 0.389 | p < 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.775 | 0.412 | |
| d. docs_2G | ||||||||||||
| Low | 15 | 2.8% | 30.0% | 14.1% | 5.5 | 3.1 | 22.6 | 239 | 44.5 | 27,462 | 368 | 7.8 |
| High | 15 | 2.0% | 21.2% | 11.0% | 7.8 | 4.1 | 17.9 | 279 | 54.6 | 26,880 | 358 | 7.4 |
| p (2-tailed test) | 0.653 | 0.285 | 0.345 | 0.119 | p < 0.001 | 0.110 | 0.491 | 0.102 | 0.642 | 0.897 | 0.217 |
Stratifications: (a) EU/EEA sample, (b) NWC/ SEC (variable geo), (c) countries according to nurses density (low = true if value < EU/EEA median; otherwise false), (d) countries according to physicians density (low = true if value < EU/EEA median; otherwise false). Abbreviations and variable descriptions (proportion of gram-negative isolates in %): CRGN = carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria, FRGN = fluoroquinolone-resistant gram-negative bacteria, NRGN = aminoglycoside-resistant gram-negative bacteria, nurses = nurse density [nurses per 1000 population], docs = physicians density [physicians per 1000 population], DDD = total antimicrobial consume in the community[doses per day and 1000 population], CPI = corruption perception index [points], hsp = health spending [% of GDP], DALYs = all causes disability adjusted life years (rounded, [per 105 population]), beds = acute care beds density (rounded, [per 105 population]), ALOS = average length of stay in hospitals [days]. The Mann–Whitney test was used for determining statistical significance of differences between subgroups. Statistical significance was assumed when p < 0.05