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. 2022 Feb 22;19:53. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02413-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Characterization of monocytes in PD patients and mice. A Purity of monocytes isolated from PD patients and healthy controls were evaluated by flow cytometry. The monocytes were labelled with CD14-FITC. B Quantitative analysis of IL1b, IL6 and TNF mRNA levels using qPCR, in human monocytes at resting state (blue) and stimulated with LPS for 24 h (red). N = 3 independent pooled human samples in each group. C Quantitative analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12p70, and D anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 using MSD, released by human monocytes at resting state (blue) and stimulated with LPS for 24 h (red). N = 6 independent human samples in healthy control group and N = 10 independent human samples in PD group. E Purity of monocytes isolated from A53T mice and WT mice were evaluated by flow cytometry. The monocytes were labelled with CD14-FITC. F Quantitative analysis of Il1b, Il6 and Tnf mRNA levels using qPCR, in mouse monocytes at resting state (blue) and stimulated with LPS for 24 h (red). N = 3 pooled independent animals in each group. G Quantitative analysis of cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 using ELISA, released by mouse monocytes at resting state (blue) and stimulated with LPS for 24 h (red). N = 3 pooled independent animals in each group. Values are means ± S.E.M, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001