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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 22.
Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Aug 16;60:101541. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101541

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Brain regions in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain that contain sleep- and wake-promoting neurons, with areas containing abnormal tau and/or neurofibrillary tangles in AD noted. Red arrows indicate wake-promoting projections. Blue lines indicate sleep-promoting projections. DRN = dorsal raphe nucleus; LC = locus coeruleus; LHA = lateral hypothalamic area; MnPO = median preoptic nucleus; NbM = nucleus basalis of Meynert; PAG = periaqueductal gray; PBN = parabrachial nucleus; PPN = pedunculopontine nucleus; PZ = parafacial zone; SLD = sublaterodorsal nucleus; SN = substantia nigra; TMN = tuberomammillary nucleus; VLPO = ventrolateral preoptic nucleus; VTA = ventral tegmental area; ZI = zona incerta. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)