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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Oncol. 2021 Apr 1;32(6):778–786. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.03.200

Table 3.

Associations of cumulative average dietary and lifestyle indices with risk of colorectal cancer diagnosed before and after age 50 in the Nurses’ Health Study II, 1991–20151

Age at colorectal cancer diagnosis Phet2
<50 years ≥50 years
Number of events 111 221
Prime Dietary Quality Score
 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)3 0.90 (0.55, 1.48) 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) 0.82
 Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)4 0.90 (0.55, 1.50) 0.91 (0.62, 1.31) >0.99
Overall Plant-based Diet Index
 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)3 1.13 (0.68, 1.88) 1.03 (0.70, 1.50) 0.75
 Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)4 1.24 (0.74, 2.08) 1.10 (0.75, 1.62) 0.70
Empirical Dietary Index for Hyperinsulinemia
 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)3 1.34 (0.80, 2.27) 1.50 (1.02, 2.19) 0.72
 Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)4 1.24 (0.72, 2.16) 1.51 (1.00, 2.29) 0.54
Empirical Lifestyle Index for Hyperinsulinemia
 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)3 1.71 (1.04, 2.81) 1.17 (0.82, 1.66) 0.21
 Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)5 1.86 (1.12, 3.07) 1.20 (0.83, 1.73) 0.16

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; het, heterogeneity; HR, hazard ratio.

1

Continuous analyses used rank-order indices for a 75 percentile increment in rank (e.g., median of first to fourth quartile)

2

P for heterogeneity between CRC diagnosed before age 50 years and at age 50 years or older by contrast test.

3

Adjusted for total energy intake (continuous). Age (months) and follow-up cycle (2-year intervals) were included as stratification variables.

4

Additionally adjusted for alcohol consumption (continuous), height (continuous), race (white or nonwhite), body mass index (continuous), family history of colorectal cancer (yes/no), history of diabetes (yes/no), smoking pack-years (continuous), physical activity (continuous), regular use of aspirin (yes/no), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (yes/no), multivitamin use (yes/no), menopausal status and menopausal hormone therapy (premenopausal, postmenopausal/never hormone use, and postmenopausal/ever hormone use), and history of lower endoscopy (yes/no).

5

Additionally adjusted for factors listed in4, except for body mass index and physical activity.