Table 1.
Representative SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on protein nanoparticles and lipid nanoparticles
| Vaccine name | Target | Animals/ humans | Ab responses and neutralizing Abs | Cellular and other responses | Protection and/or potential side effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Nanoparticle-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines | ||||||
| RBD-NP | RBD | Mice NHPs | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S-specific Abs, with neutralizing Ab titers being 10-fold higher than a stabilized S protein against SARS-CoV-2 WT infection; neutralized SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific CD4+ T cell responses | Protected NHPs against SARS-CoV-2 infection | 72 and 73 |
| VLP-RBD | RBD | Mice | Induced long-term RBD-specific Abs with neutralizing activity against live SARS-CoV-2 and pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 WT and B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 variants, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-related bat CoVs | N/A | Protected BALB/c mice against mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 challenge, with reduced clinical signs and pathological changes | 37 |
| RBD-SpyVLP RBD-mi3 | RBD | Mice Pigs | Induced SARS-CoV-2 RBDspecific Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped and/or live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific B-cell responses and weak T-cell responses | N/A | 74 and 75 |
| RBD-ferritin S2GΔHR2 | RBD S | Mice NHPs | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S/RBDspecific Abs and more potent neutralizing Abs than RBD alone or S2P protein against pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection; elicited neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.617 variants | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S-specific T-cell immunity (S2GΔHR2), and high GC B cell responses | Protected NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with reduced virus replication and pathological damage | 35, 39 and 71 |
| S1-VLP | S1 | Mice | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S/RBDspecific Abs and neutralizing Abs against SARS-CoV-2 WT and B.1.1.7 variant | N/A | N/A | 76 |
| SpFN | S | Hamsters | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S/RBDspecific Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 WA1, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 variants | N/A | Protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 variant) infection, with reduced virus replication and decreased weight loss, virus titers, and lung pathology | 45 |
| S-LuS | S | Mice | Induced higher SARS-CoV-2 S-specific Abs and pseudovirus neutralizing Abs than those by S2P protein | N/A | N/A | 77 |
| S-Fer SΔC-Fer | S S | Mice | Induced higher SARS-CoV-2 S/ RBD-specific Abs and pseudovirus neutralizing Abs than RBD monomer or S trimer protein | N/A | N/A | 36 |
| NVX-CoV2373 | S | Humans | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG Abs and neutralizing Abs against infection of live SARS-CoV-2 | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S-specific CD4+ T-cell responses | Protected vaccinated people against SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing efficacy against B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants; no serious adverse effects were identified, except for mild fever | 38, 78–80 |
| Lipid nanoparticle-based SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines | ||||||
| RBD-hFc | RBD | Mice | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S-specific Th1 cell responses | Protected 70% of vaccinated hACE2-Tg mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection | 85 and 86 |
| mRNA-RBD | RBD | Mice | Induced SARS-CoV-2 RBD- specific IgG Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific T-cell responses | Protected hACE2-Tg mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection | 83 |
| RBD-LNP | RBD | Mice | Induced SARS-CoV-2 and S1-LNP S1 SARS-CoV-1 RBD-specific IgG Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific T-cell, Tfh, GC B, and plasma cell responses | N/A | 47 |
| RBD Full-length Δfurin | RBD S | Mice | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S/RBDspecific IgG Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific Tfh, GC B, T-cell, B-cell, LLPC and MBC responses | N/A | 81 and 82 |
| saRNA | S | Mice | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S-specific T-cell responses | N/A | 89 |
| LION/ repRNA-CoV2S | S | Mice NHPs | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped and/or live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S1/RBD-specific T-cell responses (in spleen, lung (for mice) and PBMCs (for NHPs) | N/A | 53 |
| CV07050101 | S | NHPs | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG Abs without neutralizing activity | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S-specific T-cell responses | N/A | 87 |
| LUNAR-COV19 | S | Mice | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG and IgM Abs, S1/RBDspecific IgG Abs, and neutralizing Abs against live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S-specific CD8+ T and CD4+ T/Th1-dominant T-cell responses | Protected hACE2-Tg mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection | 90 |
| mRNA-LNP | S | NHPs | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2/ RBD-specific Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S-specific memory B-cell, GC B cell, Tfh, and T-cell responses | Protected infant NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 infection | 94 |
| MRT5500 | S | Mice Hamsters NHPs | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped or live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S-specific T-cell responses in mice and NHPs | Protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection without weight loss and lung pathology | 92 |
| mRNA-1273 | S | Mice NHPs Humans | Induced SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped (wild-type and D614 mutant) and live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 S-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell responses | Protected immunized mice and NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 infection without causing disease enhancement effect; had protective efficacy in preventing COVID-19 disease in human; elicited local and systemic adverse effects (e.g., fatigue, chills, headache, myalgia, pain), allergic reactions, etc. | 54, 88, 91, 97–100 and 138 |
| BNT162b1 BNT162b2 | RBD S | Mice NHPs Humans | Induced dose-dependent, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD/S-specific Abs and neutralizing Abs against pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 infection | Elicited SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses | Protected immunized mice and NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 infection; had protective efficacy in preventing COVID-19 disease in humans, with local and systemic reactions (fatigue, headache, myalgia, local pain, etc.), allergic reactions, and rare severe adverse events (for BNT162b2) | 55, 84, 93, 101–103, 131 and 140 |
| Lipid nanoparticles displaying SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic agents | ||||||
| hsACE2 | hACE2 | Mice | Secreted hACE2 in blood circulation and expressed hACE2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; hACE2 bound SARS-CoV-2 RBD and neutralized pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection | N/A | N/A | 96 |
Abs, antibodies; ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; BAL, bronchoalveolar-lavage; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; GC B, germinal center B; hACE2-Tg, human ACE2-transgenic; HR2, heptad repeat region 2; LLPCs, long-lived plasma cells; LuS, lumazine synthase; MBCs, memory B cells; NHPs, non-human primates; RBD, receptor-binding domain; S, spike; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; S2P, S protein with two proline mutations in the S2 subunit; Tfh, T follicular helper cells; WT, wild-type.