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Average radius of curvature (in mm) values for the helically patterned needles with and without a flexure hinge, and the unpatterned needles with an identical flexure hinge and without a hinge in phantom and ex vivo tissues. All tube dimensions were identical.
| 10% Gelatin | 60.1 | 69.5 | 1290.9 | 410.6 |
| 6.1% Gelatin | 71.9 | 77.2 | 1209.3 | 548.4 |
| PVC | 41.4 | 77.1 | 116.6 | 366.1 |
| Bovine Liver | 35.5 | 54.8 | 150.6 | 1112.7 |
| Porcine Loin | 61.0 | 90.0 | 171.2 | 792.0 |
| Ovine Brain | 61.8 | 69.8 | 342.0 | 661.7 |
