Table 3.

Effects of dexmedetomidine on early renal function markers. Dex: group administrated with dexmedetomidine; Con: control group received saline; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; Cr: serum creatinine; VAS: visual analogue scale. Patients who accepted dialysis after operation in the first week were excluded. Data are given as the median (SD). ^∗P < 0.05 compared between two groups.

	Dex	Con	P value
KIM-1 (pg/ml)	n = 33	n = 32
0 h	446.685 (335.46)	406.511 (298.79)	0.612
2 h	322.641 (237.31)	481.981 (289.18)	0.018∗
24 h	103.931 (89.965)	177.828 (139.67)	0.013∗
48 h	16.934 (2.653)	59.499 (59.957)	0.000∗
72 h	17.299 (3.590)	41.439 (34.945)	0.000∗
144 h	18.841 (4.657)	19.778 (2.4495)	0.316
Urea (mmol/L)	n = 26	n = 29
Before operation	25.399 (8.228)	24.231 (8.053)	0.597
Day 1	21.412 (6.661)	20.138 (5.755)	0.403
Day 2	21.915 (7.892)	22.638 (9.110)	0.756
Day 3	24.865 (10.480)	24.414 (11.493)	0.880
Day 4	24.919 (12.773)	24.541 (13.315)	0.915
Day 5	23.031 (14.156)	22.379 (13.087)	0.860
Day 6	20.931 (14.608)	19.562 (13.496)	0.719
Cr (μmol/L)	n = 26	n = 29
Before operation	994.004 (330.268)	940.538 (284.639)	0.522
Day 1	689.850 (272.912)	675.831 (287.469)	0.854
Day 2	533.023 (299.396)	571.914 (329.329)	0.650
Day 3	448.458 (332.852)	476.707 (354.369)	0.763
Day 4	380.192 (310.766)	412.866 (338.047)	0.712
Day 5	344.400 (309.069)	345.238 (279.700)	0.992
Day 6	310.204 (278.493)	306.300 (269.450)	0.958
Urine output (ml)	n = 33	n = 32
Day 1	2807.879 (1473.658)	2593.750 (913.461)	0.486
Day 2	2572.121 (693.311)	2568.438 (703.512)	0.983
Day 3	2497.273 (740.364)	2543.438 (681.718)	0.795
Day 4	2451.515 (617.293)	2570.938 (923.183)	0.541
Day 5	2379.394 (583.095)	2344.688 (474.885)	0.794
Day 6	2415.758 (538.372)	2350.313 (594.673)	0.643
VAS	n = 33	n = 32
3 h	3.000 (1.458)	3.781 (1.845)	0.070
6 h	2.939 (1.478)	3.937 (1.664)	0.010∗
12 h	2.455 (1.301)	3.625 (1.601)	0.002∗
24 h	1.333 (0.854)	1.719 (0.958)	0.067
48 h	0.424 (0.614)	0.563 (0.564)	0.245