Table 1.

AICR's foods that fight cancer.

Natural products	Compounds	Strong evidence	Limited evidence
Apples	Dietary fiber, triterpenoid compounds, flavan-3-ols, flavonols	Colorectal cancer	Lung cancer
Asparagus	Flavonols, saponins, inulin, folate		Estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer
Blueberries	Dietary fiber, flavones, vitamin C, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, tannins (proanthocyanidins and ellagitannins), flavonols, stilbenes, phenolic acids (mainly chlorogenic acids)	Colorectal cancer	Lung cancer
Broccoli and cruciferous vegetables	Glucosinolates, carotenoids (especially beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin)	Colorectal cancer	Lung cancer, ER- breast cancer, colon cancer
Brussels sprouts	Carotenoids, flavonols, dietary fiber, lignans, vitamin C, glucosinolates, folate	Colorectal cancer	Lung cancer, ER- breast cancer, colon cancer
Carrots	Carotenoids, phenolic acids (including chlorogenic acids), polyacetylenes (such as falcarinol)		Lung cancer, ER- breast cancer
Cauliflower	Vitamin C, folate, glucosinolates		Lung cancer, colon cancer
Cherries	Anthocyanins, beta-carotene, dietary fiber, melatonin, phenolic acids;flavan-3-ols, vitamin C, perillyl alcohol	Colorectal cancer	Lung cancer, colon cancer
Coffee	Melanoidins, lignans, phenolic acids (mainly chlorogenic acids), caffeine, diterpenes (cafestol and kahweol) in unfiltered coffee	Endometrial and liver cancers	Mouth, pharynx, larynx, and skin cancers
Cranberries	Anthocyanins, tannins, flavonols, terpenes, phenolic acids		Lung cancer
Flaxseed	Dietary fiber, gamma-tocopherol (a form of vitamin E), lignans, alpha-linolenic acid, phenolic acids	Colorectal cancer
Garlic	Allium compounds		Colorectal cancer
Grapefruit	Vitamin C, flavanones, coumarins, carotenoids in pink and red grapefruit, terpenes in grapefruit peel		Lung cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, ER- breast cancer
Grapes	Flavonols, phenolic acids, resveratrol, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins (in red and purple grapes)		Lung cancer
Kale	Dietary fiber, flavonols, folate, glucosinolates, carotenoids (especially beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin)	Colorectal cancer	ER- breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer
Oranges	Dietary fiber, flavanones, terpenes in orange peel, vitamin C	Colorectal cancer	Lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer
Pulses: dry beans, peas, and lentils (legumes)	Dietary fiber, resistant starch, phenolic acids, flacan-3-ols, folate, anthocyanins (in red and black beans), tannins (especially proanthocyanidins), lignans, phytic acid saponins	Colorectal cancer
Raspberries	Dietary fiber, ellagitannins, vitamin C, phenolic acids, anthocyanins	Colorectal cancer	Lung cancer
Soy	Isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein), dietary fiber (whole soy foods), phytic acid, phenolic acids, protease inhibitors, folate, sphingolipids, lignans, saponins	Colorectal cancer	Lung cancer, breast cancer
Spinach	Carotenoids (especially beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin), flavonols, vitamin C, dietary fiber, folate, lignans	Colorectal cancer	ER- breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer
Squash (winter)	Vitamin C, carotenoids (beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin)		ER- breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer
Strawberries	Vitamin C, dietary fiber, anthocyanins, phenolic acids (including ellagic acid), stilbenes (mainly resveratrol), flavan-3-ols, tannins (proanthocyanidins and ellagitannins)	Colorectal cancer	Lung cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer
Tea	Flavan-3-ols, manganese, flavonols, caffeine, L-theanine		Bladder cancer
Tomatoes	Vitamin C, vitamin A, phytoene, phytofluene, lycopene, beta-carotene		ER- breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer
Walnuts	Polyphenols, alpha-linolenic acid, phytosterols, melatonin, tannins (proanthocyanidins and ellagitannins)
Whole grains	Dietary fiber, phytic acids, resistant starch, lignans, phenolic acids	Colorectal cancer