Table 2.

Behavioral Ethogram

Behavior	Description
Affective behaviors
Lipsmack	Rapid lip movement usually with pursed lips and accompanied by a smacking sound
Grimace	Exaggerated grin with teeth showing
Threat	At least two of the following: open mouth stare, head-bob, ear slaps, bark vocalizations, or lunges
Lunge	Rapid body movement toward the front of the cage
Cage shake	Grasping of cage parts and shaking
Yawn	Open mouth, exposing teeth
Tooth grind	Repetitive, audible rubbing of upper and lower teeth
Tactile explore	Contact is made with the presented object with the hands, fingers, or feet
Take food	Animal retrieves the food from the food well
Coo	Clear, soft, sound, moderate in pitch and intensity
Bark	Low-pitched, loud, guttural sound often accompanied by some threat
Grunt	Deep, muffled, low intensity vocalization; sometimes given with lipsmacks
Positions
Front vs. Back	Scored by location of the animal’s head in the front half or the back half of the cage