FIGURE 1.

Microbial diversity between the patient group and the healthy control group. (A) PCoA was done on Bray-Curtis distances displaying β-diversity of the microbiome between the patients and controls. The x- and y-axes represent the first and second principal coordinates, respectively, and the proportion of variance. (B,C) At the phylum and class levels, the bacteria changed significantly. (D) Comparing the two groups, the cumulative graph shows 24 species with significant changes. Because the results of metagenomics included bacteria, fungi, and archaea, the total abundance of bacteria was less than 100%. The designation s_unannotated indicates that the species information cannot be matched through the NCBI database (using Wilcoxon non-parametric tests, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).