Table 1.
Study and Population Characteristics
| Study author (year) Location |
Design Intervention sample size |
Type of disability | Mean age | Percent female | Race and ethnicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basu (2012)41 Chicago, IL |
RCT 201 |
Group a: All Group b: Chronically homeless Group c: Persons living with HIV |
47 years | 26% | White 7%, Black 81%, Hispanic 8%, Other 4% |
| Byrne (2014)42 Nationwide, U.S. |
PPC NR |
MH or SUD | NR | NR | NR |
| Culhane (2002)43 New York, NY |
PPMC 4,679 |
MH | NR | NR | NR |
| Flaming (2009)54 Los Angeles, CA |
PPMC 279 |
Group a: All Group b: MH Group c: SUD Group d: HIV |
Age ≥46 years 70% | 30% | White 15%, Black 65%, Hispanic 10%, Other 10% |
| Flaming (2013)44 Los Angeles, CA |
WLC 89 |
High need and high utilizers | 48 years | 29% | White 23%, Black 43%, Hispanic 15%, Other 7% |
| Gilmer (2009)46 San Diego, CA |
PPMC 177 |
MH | 42 years | 60% | White 60%, Black 22%, Hispanic 9%, Other 9% |
| Gilmer (2010)47 San Diego, CA |
PPMC 209 |
MH | 44 years | 37% | White 61%, Black 26%, Hispanic 9%, Other 4% |
| Gilmer (2014)48 Statewide, CA |
PPMC 10,231 |
MH | 42 years | 46% | White 31%, Black 10%, Hispanic10%, Unclassified 49% |
| Gilmer (2016)45 Statewide, CA |
PPMC 2,609 |
MH | 21 years | 49% | White 31%, Black 11%, Hispanic22%, Unclassified 37% |
| Holtgrave (2013)49 Baltimore, MD; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA |
RCT 315 |
HIV | Age ≥50 years 64% and Age 30‒39 years 24% | 29% | Black 78%, Other 22% |
| Larimer (2009)50 Seattle, WA |
WLC 95 |
SUD and high utilizers | 48 years | 6% | White 39%, Black 10%, Hispanic 6%, Native American 28% Other 13% |
| Lim (2018)52 New York, NY |
PPC 737 |
MH or dual MH-SUD | Age 35‒54 years 67% and Age 18‒34 years 15% | 29% | White 15%, Black 51%, Hispanic 28%, Other 6% |
| Rosenheck (2003)53 San Francisco, CA; San Diego, CA; New Orleans, LA; Cleveland, OH |
RCT 182 |
MH or SUD | 42 years | NR | Black 64%, Other 36% |
| Schinka (1998)55 Tampa, FL |
PPC 36 |
SUD | NR | NR | NR |
| Seligson (2013)51 New York, NY |
PPMC 1695 |
Group a: MH or dual MH-SUD Group b: Head of household with MH or dual MH-SUD Group c: Head of household with SUD, disability or HIV Group d: Youth leaving foster care Group e: Serious MH, SUD, or HIV |
NR | NR | NR |
| Srebnik (2013)56 Seattle, WA |
PPC 29 |
MH or PH and high utilizers | 51 years | 28% | White 62%, Black 17%, Hispanic 7%, Native American 14% |
| Toros (2012)57 Los Angeles, CA |
PPC 50 |
MH or SUD | NR | NR | NR |
| Goering (2014)a58 Vancouver, Montreal, Toronto, Moncton |
RCT 1,158 |
Group a: Severe disability or disease and high utilizers Group b: Moderate disability or disease and moderate utilizers |
NR | 32% | NR |
| Latimer (2019)59 Vancouver, Montreal, Winnipeg, Toronto |
RCT 689 |
MH or SUD | Age <30 years 7.1%, Age 30‒49 years 57.8%, Age ≥50 years 25.1% | 65% | NR |
| Patterson (2008)a,b,c60 British Columbia |
Modeled 18,759; 11,750; 7,009 |
Group a: All Group b: Chronically homeless Group c: At risk or moderately homeless |
NR | NR | NR |
| Summary Median (IQI) |
Intervention sample size 279 (IQI: 113 to 1,158) |
— | 45.5years (IQI: 42 to 48) | 30% (IQI: 29% to 40%) | Median White 31%, Black 47%, Hispanic 9% |
PPMC, pre post with matched control; PPC, pre post with control; WLC, wait list control; MH, mental health disorders; SUD, substance use disorders; PH, chronic physical health conditions; NR, not reported.