Table 1.
Summary of predictive biomarkers using PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs in NSCLC.
| Category | Sub-Category | Biomarker | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor | DNA Biomarkers | dMMR/MSI-H | - |
| TMB | - | ||
| DNA repair genes | POLD1, POLE, MSH2 | ||
| Other genes | STK11, MHC, B2M, EGFR | ||
| Protein Biomarkers | PD-L1 | - | |
| Tumor neoantigens | - | ||
| Other immune checkpoints | CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM3 | ||
| TME related Factors | Immune cells infiltration | CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells | |
| Cytokines or chemokines | TGF, TNF, interleukin | ||
| Stromal composition | Cancer-associated fibroblast | ||
| T cell Biomarkers | Effector T cell | CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells | |
| T cell inflamed GEP | CCL5, CXCL13 | ||
| TILs | CD8+ T cells, NK cells | ||
| TCR sequencing | CDR3 | ||
| Blood | DNA Biomarkers | bTMB | - |
| cfDNA | SNV, fragment, CNV | ||
| Cell Biomarkers | Flow cytometry cell immunophenotyping | CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells | |
| Flow cytometry TCR immunophenotyping | CDR3 | ||
| Other Blood Biomarkers | Exosomal PD-L1 | - | |
| Cytokines | TGF, TNF, interleukin | ||
| Gut Microbiota | Bacteroides | - | |
| Bifidobacterium | - | ||
| Akkermansia muciniphila | - |
PD-1, programmed cell death-1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; dMMR, deficient mismatch repair; MSI-H, microsatellite instability-high; TMB, tumor mutational burden; POLD1, DNA polymerase delta 1, catalytic subunit; POLE, DNA polymerase epsilon, catalytic subunit; MSH2, mutS homolog 2; STK11, serine/threonine kinase 11; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; B2M, beta-2-microglobulin; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4; LAG3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3; TIM3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3; TME, tumor microenvironment; CD, cluster of differentiation; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; GEP, gene expression profiling; CCL5, C-C motif chemokine ligand 5; CXCL13, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13; TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; NK cell, natural killer cell; TCR, T cell receptor; CDR3, complementarity determining region 3; bTMB, blood tumor mutational burden; cfDNA, circulating-free DNA; SNV, single nucleotide variant; CNV, copy number variation.