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. 2021 Jun 7;54(1):54–74. doi: 10.3758/s13428-021-01581-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Overall, mean, and maximum absolute differences in loadings/pattern coefficients per solution and overall, mean, and minimum factor congruence per solution from PAF without rotation, with varimax rotation, and with promax rotation, obtained with the R psych and SPSS implementations for 216 real data sets. The white diamond represents the mean. PAF = principal axis factoring