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. 2022 Feb 22;12:2996. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06542-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of the NASH diet and pemafibrate on the liver of wild-type male mice. (A) Histological examinations of samples from mice in the chow diet-fed group (C group), NASH diet-fed group (N group), and NASH diet + pemafibrate-fed group (NP group). (B) Percentage of examined area positive for F4/80. (C) Percentage of examined area positive for Sirius red. (D) Hepatic lipid contents by lipid extraction analysis. (E) Polarized microscope images of cholesterol crystals. The yellow, green, and red arrows indicate cholesterol crystals, central vein, and portal vein, respectively. (F) mRNA expression associated with inflammation, fibrosis, β-oxidation, chemokines, and inflammasomes. The mean value of the expression of the C group, obtained by correcting each CT value with the respective housekeeping gene, was used as a control (one) to indicate the relative expression. Scale bar: 100 µm. The results are presented as the mean ± SD, and p values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001, C vs. N group or C vs. NP group or N vs. NP group. The number of mice in each group: C, n = 6; N, n = 6; NP, n = 6. H.E., haematoxylin–eosin; O.R.O., oil red O; S.R., Sirius red; TC, total cholesterol; FC, free cholesterol; EC, esterified cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acids.