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. 2022 Feb 22;13:998. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28493-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a The experimental strategy of terminal activation of extratelencephalic projection neurons in the mPFC of 5×FAD mice. The optical fibers were implanted in SI, SUM, or VTA bilaterally to activate the axon terminals in these brain areas (top). The virus injection site and the positions of the optical fiber were shown below. b Heat-map plots showed object recognition memory measures from the object recognition test under different experimental conditions (no light stimulation; activation of axon terminals in SI; activation of axon terminals in SUM; activation of axon terminals in VTA.) Red = more time, blue = less time. c Statistical plots showed the delta object recognition index under different conditions in experimental group (mice that expressed ChR2 in the mPFC). one-way repeated-measures (RM) ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test, n = 6 animals. d Statistical plots showed the delta object recognition index under different conditions in control group (mice that expressed GFP in the mPFC). one-way repeated-measures (RM) ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test, n = 5 animals. e Statistical plots showed the traveling distance during the test session under different conditions in experimental group (mice that expressed ChR2 in the mPFC), one-way repeated-measures (RM) ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test, control vs SI -activation, p = 0.999995; control vs SUM-activation, p = 0.966536; control vs. VTA-activation, p = 0.000002; SI-activation vs. SUM-activation, p = 0.96159; SI-activation vs VTA-activation, p = 0.000002; SUM-activation vs. VTA-activation, p = 0.000005. n = 6 animals. f Statistical plots showed the traveling distance during the test session under different conditions in control group (mice that expressed GFP in the mPFC), one-way repeated-measures (RM) ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test, n = 5 animals. Scale bars in a are 500 μm. MOs secondary motor area, ACA anterior cingulate area, PL prelimbic area, SI substantia innominata, MA magnocellular nucleus, HDB horizontal diagonal band, OT olfactory tubercle, SNR substantia nigra, reticular part; SUM supramammillary nucleus, MM medial mammillary nucleus, VTA ventral tegmental area, IPN interpeduncular nucleus, TM tamoxifen. All data are listed as the Mean ± SEM.