TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of healthy controls, medicated schizophrenia, and unmedicated schizophrenia.
| HC (n = 235) | SZ (n = 170) |
F/χ2/t-values | P-values | ||
| Med-SZ (n = 89) | Unmed-SZ (n = 81) | ||||
| Demographic characteristic | |||||
| Age at scan, years | 28.17 (0.53) | 27.65 (10.06) | 25.53 (9.30) | 2.740a | 0.066 |
| Age distribution | |||||
| −15 to 28 | 161 (68.51%) | 53 (59.55%) | 53 (65.43%) | ||
| −29 to 42 | 54 (22.98%) | 24 (26.97%) | 22 (27.16%) | ||
| −43 to 55 | 20 (8.51%) | 12 (13.48%) | 6 (7.40%) | ||
| Sex (male:female) | 93 (39.57%) | 44 (49.44%) | 32 (43.20%) | 2.789a | 0.248 |
| Right handedness | 217 (92.34%) | 78 (87.64%) | 68 (83.95%) | 2.525a | 0.640 |
| Education | 15.08 (3.06) | 12.06 (2.98) | 10.93 (3.00) | 70.832 | <0.001 |
| Clinical characteristic | |||||
| First episode, yes | \ | 44 (49.44%) | 71 (87.65%) | \ | <0.001 |
| Illness duration (months) | \ | 43.07 (51.01) | 8.84 (17.83) | 31.14b | <0.001 |
| Medication usec | \ | ||||
| Durations (months) | 12.34 (13.74) | \ | |||
| -Olanzapine | 21 | ||||
| -Clozapine | 13 | ||||
| -Risperidone | 41 | ||||
| -Aripiprazole | 19 | ||||
| -Ziprasidone | 4 | ||||
| -Quetiapine | 5 | ||||
| Olanzapine equivalents | 3.93 (6.15) | ||||
| BPRS-Factors | n = 159 | n = 83 | n = 77 | ||
| Anxiety and depression | 4.28 (0.83) | 6.89 (3.72) | 8.90 (4.35) | 5.342b | 0.009 |
| Lack of energy | 4.03 (0.21) | 6.53 (3.03) | 8.14 (4.54) | 11.35b | <0.001 |
| Thought disorder | 4 (0) | 6.65 (3.77) | 9.39 (4.89) | 6.844b | 0.176 |
| Activity | 3.06 (0.26) | 4.29 (2.09) | 4.78 (2.47) | 3.267b | <0.001 |
| Hostility | 3.02 (0.14) | 4.61 (2.78) | 7.44 (4.01) | 18.19b | <0.001 |
| BPRS-Total score | 18.39 (1.21) | 28.98 (10.30) | 39.03 (14.62) | 9.042b | 0.002 |
HC, healthy controls; med-SZ, medicated schizophrenia; unmed-SZ, unmedicated schizophrenia; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Data are n (%) or mean (SD).
aExamination among healthy control, medicated schizophrenia, and unmedicated schizophrenia groups.
bExamination between medicated schizophrenia and unmedicated schizophrenia groups.
cThis refers to medication patients were prescribed on day of their MRI scan and not to their cumulative lifetime exposure.