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. 2022 Feb 9;12:801799. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801799

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Copyright © 2022 White, Sibley, Sarfas, Morrison, Bewley, Churchward, Fotheringham, Gkolfinos, Gooch, Handley, Humphries, Hunter, Kennard, Longet, Mabbutt, Moffatt, Rayner, Tipton, Watson, Hall, Bodman-Smith, Gleeson, Dennis, Salguero, Carroll, McShane, Cookson, Hopkin and Sharpe

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Antigen-specific IFN-γ producing cell frequency as detected by ELISPOT assay in PBMCs, lung MNC and splenocytes after aerosol BCG vaccination and/or SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Frequencies of (A) tuberculin PPD-, (B) PPD avium-, (C) CMV-, (D) spike protein MP1-, (E) spike protein MP2-, (F) spike protein MP3-, (G) spike complete peptide pool (S)-, (H) membrane (M)-, and, (I) nucleocapsid (N)-specific IFN-γ SFU measured before and after aerosol BCG vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Antigen-specific IFN-γ SFU measured in (J) PBMCs, (K) lung MNCs and (L) splenocytes collected at necropsy. Black = unvaccinated control group, blue = aerosol BCG vaccinated. Medians shown. Mann–Whitney U tests were used for comparisons between groups (p ≤ 0.05) and Wilcoxon matched pair test for comparisons of time points within groups (p ≤ 0.05).