Fig. 4.

Potential therapeutic targets against COVID-19 which may be involved in virus replication, immune response, vascular endothelial coagulation system and important organs related complications. a SARS-CoV-2 virus invades host cells. Viral replication involves multiple steps: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release. b Viral infection induces an antiviral response, recruiting innate and adaptive immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophil, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and NK cells, and leads to cytokine storm. c SARS-CoV-2 invades endothelial cells and affects the coagulation system, increasing the risk of embolism and bleeding. d These host–virus interaction may affect multiple important organs and cause severe complications. The therapeutic targets of these steps are shown in this figure