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. 2022 Feb 9;16:819912. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.819912

TABLE 1.

Summary of MPF applications in human conditions other than multiple sclerosis (MS).

Condition Measurement technique Main findings
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Multipoint off-resonance (Ridha et al., 2007; Kiefer et al., 2009; Giulietti et al., 2012). Decreased hippocampal combined index MPF/[(1 - MPF)R1] (Ridha et al., 2007). Increased hippocampal MPF (Kiefer et al., 2009). No significant effect on MPF according to voxel-based analysis but a reduced forward exchange rate constant in multiple cortical regions (Giulietti et al., 2012).
Genetic risk variants of AD Multipoint off-resonance (Mole et al., 2020a,b). Reduced MPF in the right parahippocampal cingulum (Mole et al., 2020a) and left thalamus (Mole et al., 2020b) in participants with APOE-ε4 genetic risk factor and family history of AD.
Interferon-α induced fatigue Steady-state multipoint on-resonance (Dowell et al., 2016). No significant effect on MPF according to voxel-based analysis but an increased forward exchange rate constant in the striatum and insula (Dowell et al., 2016).
Huntington’s disease Multipoint off-resonance (Bourbon-Teles et al., 2019; Casella et al., 2020). MPF decrease in whole-brain WM (Bourbon-Teles et al., 2019; Casella et al., 2020). Motor training induced a significant MPF increase in the corpus callosum and motor pathways (Casella et al., 2020).
Mild traumatic brain injury Single-point (Petrie et al., 2014). Significant MPF reduction in whole-brain WM and GM (Petrie et al., 2014).
Normal aging Multipoint off-resonance (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2019b; Coad et al., 2020; Mole et al., 2020a). Significant negative correlations between MPF and age in the fornix (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2019b; Coad et al., 2020) and whole-brain WM (Mole et al., 2020a).
Obesity Multipoint off-resonance (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2019a). MPF in the fornix negatively correlated with markers of obesity (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2019a).
Brain tumors Multipoint off-resonance (Yarnykh, 2002; Tozer et al., 2011; Mehrabian et al., 2018a,b); steady-state multipoint on-resonance (Garcia et al., 2015); single-point (Korostyshevskaya et al., 2018). Variable MPF decrease relative to normal WM in all studied tumors including gliomas (Yarnykh, 2002; Tozer et al., 2011; Garcia et al., 2015; Mehrabian et al., 2018a,b), meningiomas (Garcia et al., 2015), and brain metastases (Garcia et al., 2015). Increased MPF relative to fetal brain tissue in fetal collagen-rich medulloblastoma (Korostyshevskaya et al., 2018).
Parkinson’s disease Single-point and multipoint off-resonance (Trujillo et al., 2017b). Increased MPF in the substantia nigra, good agreement between single- and multi-point techniques (Trujillo et al., 2017b).
Adrenomyeloneuropathy Multipoint off-resonance (Smith et al., 2009). Significantly decreased MPF in the dorsal column of the spinal cord with no differences in the lateral columns and GM (Smith et al., 2009).
Fabry disease Multipoint off-resonance (Underhill et al., 2015). MPF reduction in left posterior brain WM, which was negatively associated with age (Underhill et al., 2015).
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 Multipoint off-resonance (Leddy et al., 2021). Reduced MPF in WM lesions, no differences between patients and controls in NAWM (Leddy et al., 2021).
Schizophrenia Multipoint off-resonance (Kiefer et al., 2004; Kalus et al., 2005); single-point (Smirnova et al., 2021; Sui et al., 2021). No significant effect on MPF in the hippocampus (Kiefer et al., 2004) and amygdala (Kalus et al., 2005). Significant MPF decrease in whole-brain WM and GM associated with negative symptoms. Significant negative correlation between MPF in WM and disease duration (Smirnova et al., 2021). Voxel-based patterns of variable increase and decrease in cortical MPF depending on the disease duration. Geometric non-linearity of the cortical MPF profile decreased in patients and negatively correlated with disease duration (Sui et al., 2021).
Small vessel disease (white matter hyperintensities) Non-conventional estimation as MT ratio/T1 (Iordanishvili et al., 2019). Decreased MPF in WM hyperintensities. Periventricular hyperintensities had lower MPF than deep WM ones. A decrease in MPF corresponds to lesion severity according to Fazekas scale (Iordanishvili et al., 2019).
Systemic inflammation Steady-state multipoint on-resonance (Harrison et al., 2015). No significant effect on MPF according to voxel-based analysis but an increased forward exchange rate constant in the insula (Harrison et al., 2015).