TABLE 1.

The methods for polymeric fibers fabrication.

Method	Principle	Prous	Cons	Reference
Electrospinning	A method for fabricating nanofiber membranes with diameters ranging from microns to nanometers by accelerating the injection of charged polymer solutions in an electric field	Large selection of materials; adjustable fiber morphology by adjusting electric field strength, flow rate, and spinning head diameter; natural ECM structure and function	The influence of residual solvents; susceptible to interference by ambient temperature, humidityetc.	McCullen et al. (2007)
Phase Separation	It occurs by cooling a homogeneous mixture of polymer and diluent in a hot solution that is solvent-free at room temperature. Phase separation includes dissolution, gelation, extraction using different solvents, freezing and drying to obtain nanofibers	Low cost; high porosity, which facilitates the introduction and release of bioactive components	Time consuming; influence of residual solvents; less controllable morphology	Liu et al. (2017)
Self-Assembly	The precise organization of small and macromolecular building blocks in a non-covalent manner using intermolecular interactions provides a bottom-up approach for the construction of nanofibers	Easy to operate; can mimic natural ECM structure and function; can introduce bioactive factors	Less controllable morphology	Park et al. (2008)
Melt Blowing	Microfibers are produced by injecting a molten polymer stream into a high-speed gas/air jet that forms a self-adhesive web when collected on a moving surface	Simple method; no interference from residual solvents	Vulnerable to ambient temperature, air flow rate	Ellison et al. (2007)
Drawing	Viscoelastic materials that can withstand strong deformation and have sufficient cohesion to support the stresses generated during the drawing process can be made into nanofibers by stretching	Simple process; can be adjusted at any time	Time consuming; uncontrollable morphology; not suitable for all polymers	Koppes et al. (2016)
Template synthesis	Nanofibers are prepared by applying water pressure on one side to pass a polymer solution through pores with nanoscale diameters. Using electrochemical or chemical oxidation polymerization, nanofibers can be produced using nonporous membranes consisting of various cylindrical pores	Controllable diameter of nanofibers	Longer lengths of nanofibers cannot be prepared	Liu et al. (2013)
3D Printing	With additive technologies based on digital design and layer-by-layer precision manufacturing, the entire process no longer requires molds, dies or photolithographic masks, for example. This not only enables a high degree of automation and reproducibility in material manufacturing, but also enables the construction of complex structures	Diversified designs for materials are possible; design structures can be precisely reproduced	Higher cost; high material requirements	Tao et al. (2019)