TABLE 1.
NSAIDs induced models of intestinal inflammation.
| NSAID | Method | Animal | Injury manifestations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indomethacin | 10 mg/kg p.o. | Male C57BL/6 mice | Macroscopic and microscopic damage | Kuzumoto et al. (2021) |
| 30 mg/kg s.c. | Male BALB/cAJcl mice | Weight loss; food intake decrease; fecal volume decrease; Changes in stool properties; histologic heterogeneity of villi and crypt; cell infiltration increase | Kawashima et al. (2020) | |
| 7.5 mg/kg once daily for 2 days s.c. | Male SD rats | A more severe chronic inflammatory response including ulcers, adhesion, bleeding, bowel dilatation and thickening | Yamada et al. (1993) | |
| 7.5 mg/kg once daily for 2 days s.c. | Male albinorats | Weight loss; small intestinal length decrease; adhesions; hyperemia; edema; ulcers; hemorrhage; changes in villus structure | Tawfik et al. (2016) | |
| Diclofenac | 15 and 30 mg/kg p.o./i.v. | Male SD rats | Macroscopically visible damage | Beck et al. (1990) |
| 7.5 mg/kg twice a day for 5 days p.o. | Male SD rats | Mucosal congestion; edema; erosion; ulceration; villous atrophy; irregular glandular arrangement; inflammatory cell infiltration | Chen et al. (2021) | |
| 10 mg/kg once daily for 4 days p.o. | Male SD rats | Bloody stools; intestinal adhesion; intestinal perforation; absence of villi; disordered gland; erosion; ulcer; hemorrhage | Xu et al. (2021) | |
| Aspirin | 300 and 1,000 mg/kg p.o. | Male ddy mice | Reddish areas and mild erosions | Satoh and Urushidani (2016) |
| 10.41 mg/kg/d for 14 days p.o. | Male SD rats | Scattered punctate erosion; sheet erosion; adhesion; villi and glandular epithelium atrophy; monocytes infiltration | Chi et al. (2021) | |
| 50–200 mg/body injected into duodenum | Male SD rats | Severe bleeding and ulcers mainly in the jejunum | Nonoyama et al. (2010) | |
| Flurbiprofen | 2.5 mg/(kg 12 h) i.p./p.o. | Male SD rats | Gut permeability increase; “adaptive” effect | Campanella and Jamali (2009) |
| Naproxen | 80 mg/kg, p.o. Twice daily for 2 days | Male Wistar rats | Significant villi shortening; increased crypt depth | Carvalho et al. (2015), Nicolau et al. (2017) |
| Loxoprofen | 100 and 300 mg/kg s.c. | Male ddy mice | Marked lesions mainly in the lower small bowel; decreased intestinal length | Satoh and Urushidani (2016) |
| 60 mg/kg p.o. | Male SD rats | Multiple hemorrhagic lesions mainly in the ileum; lesions reaching the muscularis mucosae | Hayashi et al. (2013) | |
| Ibuprofen | 100 mg/kg p.o. | Male SD rats | Macroscopically visible damage | Beck et al. (1990) |
| 200 mg/kg p.o. | Male C57BL/6 mice | Haemorrhagic damage and massive loss of villi | Lu et al. (2018) | |
| Diflunisal | 1 mM Incubation | PCIS from male Wistar rats | Severe loss of epithelial cell | Niu et al. (2014) |
| BFMeT | 250 mg/kg p.o. | Male Wistar rats | Ileal ulcers formation | Hagiwara et al. (2004) |
| 500 mg/kg or higher p.o. | Male Wistar rats | Ileal ulcers formation; perforated ulcers; conglutinated small intestines; bulging of the intestines; shrunken cecum; ascites | Uejima et al. (1996) | |
| Paracetamol | 500 mg/kg i.p. | Male C57BL6/J mice | Gut permeability increase; sparse apoptotic bodies remained within ileum sections | Chopyk et al. (2019) |
| 300 mg/kg i.p. | Male C57BL/6 J mice | Gut permeability increase | Niu et al. (2020) | |
| Ketoprofen | 100 mg/kg i.p. | Male C57BL/6 J mice | Mild jejunal ulceration; 5/10 mice were non-responders | Saitta et al. (2014) |
| 50 mg/kg p.o. | Male SD rats | Ulcers, cloudy, swelled areas, necrosis, lymphocyte infiltration | Cheng et al. (2014) |
Abbreviations: Oral administration (p.o.); Intraperitoneal injection(i.p.); Intravenous administration(i.v.); Subcutaneous injection(s.c.).