TABLE 2.

Pathogenesis of NSAID-associated small intestinal injury.

Categories	Factors (References)
Cells	F4/80+ macrophage Park et al. (2020), Monocyte Yamada et al. (2011), Ly6G + neutrophil Park et al. (2020), CD103 + DC Silva et al. (2008)
Cytokines/chemokines	TNF-α Fukumoto et al. (2011); Bertrand et al. (1998); Watanabe et al. (2014), IL-1β Higashimori et al. (2016), IL-17A Yamada et al. (2011)
Receptors	PAR2 Fornai et al. (2020b); CD11a/CD18 Stadnyk et al. (2002), CD11b/CD18 Stadnyk et al. (2002); Krieglstein et al. (2001), 5-HT3R Kato et al. (2012), GRLu et al., (2018); Yoshikawa et al. (2017), PPARα (Lu et al. (2018) S1PR2 Shibuya et al. (2021)
Transcription factors	NF-κB p65 Xu et al. (2021); Nadatani et al. (2012), Noguchi et al. (2021), MAPK p38 Nadatani et al. (2012), Noguchi et al. (2021)
Toll-like receptors	TLR4Watanabe et al. (2008a), Narimatsu et al. (2015), Xu et al. (2021)
Enzymes	COX inhibition Walker et al. (2014); Somasundaram et al. (2000), Beck et al. (1990), iNOS Kunikata et al. (2002), Whittle (1997)
Bacteria and bacterial components	Eubacterium limosum Uejima et al. (1996), Escherichia coli Hagiwara et al. (2004), Uejima et al. (1996), LPS Watanabe et al. (2009), Koga et al. (1999)
Enterohepatic circulation	Bile Robert and Asano, (1977), Yamada et al., (1993), Zhou et al. (2010), Bacterial β-d-glucuronidase (LoGuidice et al. (2012), Saitta et al. (2014), Zhong et al. (2016)
Food intake	Food antigen Ma et al. (2021), High-fat diet Tanaka et al. (2020), Insoluble dietary fiber Satoh (2010)
Genetic susceptibility	K-K system activation Stadnicki et al. (1998)
Oxidative stress	Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation Somasundaram et al. (1997), Somasundaram et al. (2000), ROS Bhatt et al. (2018), Omatsu et al. (2009)
Autophagy	Autophagy inhibition Chamoun-Emanuelli et al. (2019)
Drug interactions	PPI Endo et al. (2014), Watanabe et al. (2013), H2RA Watanabe et al. (2013) Dexamethasone Lu et al. (2018) Ritonavir Renga et al. (2014)