TABLE 3.
Prevention of NSAID-associated small intestinal injury.
| Categories | Factors (References) |
|---|---|
| Cells | F4/80+ macrophage Harusato et al. (2011) |
| Growth factors | VEGF Cheng et al. (2014) |
| Receptors | PAR1 Fornai et al. (2020a), 5-HT4R Kato et al. (2012), FXR Fiorucci et al. (2011), PXR Venkatesh et al. (2014), TGR5 Cipriani et al. (2013) VDR Lu et al. (2021) EP3R Kunikata et al. (2001), Kunikata et al. (2002), EP4R Kunikata et al. (2001), Kunikata et al. (2002) |
| Enzymes | Lysozyme Ragland and Criss (2017), Bessette et al. (2016), HO-1 Harusato et al. (2011), Bindu et al. (2015) |
| Antibiotics | Polymyxin B Park et al. (2020), Ampicillin Konaka et al. (1999), Ciprofloxacin Zhong et al. (2016) |
| Probiotics | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and Streptococcus salivaris Montalto et al. (2010), Bifidobacterium breve Mortensen et al. (2019) Lactobacillus plantarum Mujagic et al. (2017) Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota Watanabe et al. (2009) Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei Monteros et al. (2021) Bifidobacterium longum and lactoferrin Fornai et al. (2020b) |
| Enterohepatic circulation | Bile duct ligation Brodie et al. (1970), Somasundaram et al. (1997) |
| Chemically modified NSAIDs | NO-NSAID Reuter et al. (1997), H2S-NSAID Wallace et al. (2015), Wallace et al. (2010), PC-NSAID Dial et al. (2015), Lanza et al. (2008), NSAID-antioxidant conjugates Ashraf et al. (2016), Amino-alcohol ester derivatives Halen et al. (2006) |
| Dietary therapy | Soluble dietary fiber Horibe et al. (2016); Satoh et al. (2016), Satoh and Urushidani (2016), Camellia oil (Cheng et al. (2014), Bovine colostrum Kim et al. (2005), Whey peptides and fermented milk Kume et al. (2014), Milk fermented with Lactobacillus fermentum Santiago-Lopez et al. (2019) Yogurt containing Lactobacillus gasseri Suzuki et al. (2017) |
| Acid-suppressing drugs | PPI Kuroda et al. (2006), H2RA Kawashima et al. (2020) |
| Antioxidant | Polaprezinc Watari et al. (2013) |
| Natural products | Pure citrus total flavonoids Chen et al. (2021), Catechin Cheng et al. (2013), Essential oil of Citrus limon Bouzenna et al. (2019), Epiisopiloturine hydrochloride Nicolau et al. (2017), Cashew gum Carvalho et al., 2015) |
| Hormones | Melatonin Sanchez et al. (2020) |