Table 2.
Selection of protein-based predictive markers for response to nCRT in rectal cancer.
| Protein marker | Treatment response assessment | Tumor tissue | Cohort | Predictive value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAD18 | Sensitivity and nonresponders | Pre-nCRT | 51, LARC | Low expression is associated with favorable response | Yan et al. 87 |
| TCF-4 | Dworak’s TRG | Pre-nCRT | 96, LARC | Low expression is associated with favorable response | Dou et al. 88 |
| Beclin 1 | pCR, residual microscopic disease | Pre-nCRT | 96, LARC | High expression is associated with poor response | Zaanan et al. 89 |
| MRP3 | TRG | Pre-nCRT | 144, LARC | High expression is associated with poor response | Yu et al. 90 |
| Fibrinogen β chain | TRG | Pre-nCRT | 20, RC | High expression is associated with poor response | Repetto et al. 95 |
| DUOX2 | Dworak’s TRG | Pre-nCRT | 172, LARC | High expression is associated with poor response | Lin et al. 96 |
| FAK | Ryan’s TRG | Pre-nCRT | 73, LARC | Low expression is associated with poor response | Gómez del Pulgar et al. 97 |
| VRK1 and VRK2 | Ryan’s TRG | Pre-nCRT | 67, LARC | High expression is associated with favorable response | del Puerto-Nevado et al. 98 |
| SDF-1α and PLGF | pCR | Pre-nCRT and postsurgery | 55, LARC | High expression of SDF-1α and positive PLGF staining after nCRT is associated with resistance to nCRT | Kim et al. 99 |
| Survivin | Dworak’s TRG | Pre-nCRT | 54, LARC | High expression is associated with poor response | Kim et al. 100 |
| FOXK1 and FOXK2 | pCR | Pre-nCRT and postsurgery | 256, LARC | High expression is associated with poor response | Zhang et al. 101 |
| ALDOB | Dworak’s TRG | Pre-nCRT | 172, LARC | High expression is associated with poor response | Tian et al. 102 |
| CCR6 | Mandard’s TRG | Pre-nCRT | 95, LARC | High expression is associated with poor response | Chang et al. 103 |
| PLK1 | TRG | Pre-nCRT | 75, LARC | Low expression is associated with poor response | Cebrián et al. 104 |
| COX2 | Mandard’s TRG | Pre-nCRT | 49, LARC | High expression is associated with poor response | Smith et al. 105 |
| CA9 | TRG | Pre-nCRT | 61, LARC | High expression is associated with poor response | Guedj et al. 106 |
ALDOB, aldolase B; CA9, carbonic anhydrase 9; CCR6, C-C motif chemokine receptor 6; COX2, cyclooxygenase 2; DUOX2, dual oxidase 2; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; FOX, forkhead box; LARC, locally advanced rectal cancer; MRP3, multidrug resistance–associated protein 3; nCRT, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy; pCR, pathological complete response; PLGF, placental growth factor; PLK1, polo-like kinase 1; RAD18, RAD18 E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase; SDF-1α, stromal cell-derived factor 1α; TCF-4, T-cell factor 4; TRG, tumor regression grade; VRK1: vaccinia related kinase 1; VRK2: vaccinia related kinase 2.