Figure 4.

Simulation results of the heel without a panniculus against results with a panniculus. (a,b) Measures of (a) peak equivalent strain and (b) peak von Mises stress with the panniculus layer present compared to without the panniculus. (c,d) Comparison of the number of finite elements in the mesh with (c) equivalent strain above 2 and (d) von Mises stress above 100 kPa, for models with a panniculus versus without a panniculus. No error bars are shown for these calculations because our deterministic simulation provides only one value for each output.