Table 2.
Metabolic outcomes of interest at study enrollment during childhood and most recent visit during adulthood
| First assessment | Most recent assessment | Age of onset, years | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 5.4 (3.0-7.9) | 23.3 (20.8-27.7) | |
| Obesitya | 18 (31.6) | 19 (33.3) | 8.3 (6.0-15.2) |
| Hypertensive blood pressure (stages 1 and 2)b | 24 (42.9) | 15 (26.3) | 5.7 (3.6-8.1) |
| Insulin resistancec | 0 | 24 (64.9) | 13.4 (12.4-17.2) |
| Fasting hyperglycemiad | 9 (17.0) | 8 (16.7) | 8.1 (5.3-11.2) |
| High total cholesterole | 1 (3.0) | 3 (7.5) | 15.4 (9.6-28.5) |
| High LDLf | 3 (16.7) | 4 (10.0) | 17.2 (9.1-23.6) |
| Low HDLg | 1 (5.0) | 13 (32.5) | 12.0 (9.6-18.1) |
| High TGLh | 3 (15.8) | 4 (10.0) | 9.3 (8.5-12.0) |
| Metabolic syndromei | 2 (8.0) | 3 (8.6) | 9.6 (8.1-12.0) |
Data are frequencies (percentages), mean ± SD or median (interquartile range: 25th-75th percentiles) Percentages are based on nonmissing values. Dose calculated for those on treatment.
Abbreviations: CAH, congenital adrenal hyperplasia; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TGL, triglycerides.
a Obesity defined as BMI ≥ 85th percentile for age/sex if <2 years, ≥95th percentile for age/sex if 2 to 18 years, or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 for adults.
b Hypertension defined per the American Academy of Pediatrics’s 2017 guidelines for children and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force for Adults (11,12).
.c Insulin resistance defined as HOMA-IR > 2.5 in adults, >3.16 in adolescents (≥12 years).
d Defined as blood glucose ≥ 100; includes those with ‘impaired fasting glucose’ and those in diabetic range.
e High if >95th percentile for age/sex in pediatric patients or >200 mg/dL adults.
f High if >95th percentile for age/sex in pediatric patients or >130 mg/dL in adults.
g Low during childhood if <5th percentile for age/sex or during adulthood <40 mg/dL men or <50 mg/dL women.
h High during childhood if >95th percentile for age/sex or during adulthood >150 mg/dL in adults.
i Based on Weiss et al criteria in children and on the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria for adults (15).