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. 2022 Feb 22;19:17. doi: 10.1186/s12987-022-00313-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Increase of cell death and reduction of oligodendrocytes in the PVWM after induction of hydrocephalus. A The number of positive cells for cleaved caspase-3, which labels cell death, was found to increase in the PVWM adjacent to the body of the lateral ventricles in hydrocephalic (hydro) pigs compared with sham control (sham) pigs. B, C Representative images illustrating the increase of cell death in the PVWM adjacent to the body of the hydrocephalic pigs. Magnifications are the same. D In addition, the hydrocephalic pigs showed a reduction of Olig2+ cell density in the PVWM from both areas adjacent to the lateral ventricles. E, F Representative images used for quantification of Olig2+ in sections from both groups showing the decrease of oligodendrocytes in the PVWM adjacent to the body of the hydrocephalic pigs. Magnifications are the same. Scale bars represent 20 µm for caspase-3 and 10 µm for Olig2. Images were obtained under the fluorescent microscope. Means with 95% confidence intervals are shown. *p = 0.026; **p = 0.0095 in the frontal horn and **p = 0.0087 in the body, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test