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. 2022 Feb 22;19:17. doi: 10.1186/s12987-022-00313-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Presence of inflammatory cytokines and interleukins in the cerebrospinal fluid of hydrocephalic pigs. A Analysis of the cytokines and interleukins showing no effect of the injection in the cisterna magna in the sham control pigs before (pre-induction) and after (post-induction) the saline injection. These results discard the hypothesis that surgery or the administration of saline serum into the cisterna magna can cause any changes in the levels of these inflammatory proteins. Analysis in the hydrocephalic pigs of the levels of B interferon alpha (IFNα), C interferon gamma (IFNγ), D interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), E interleukin 4 (IL4), F interleukin 6 (IL6), G interleukin 8 (IL8), H interleukin 10, I interleukin 12 (IL12), and J tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Neuroinflammation was present since the cytokines/interleukins levels were higher after (post) the kaolin administration compared with before the induction (pre). Means with 95% confidence intervals are shown. ***p = 0.0002 t = − 4.7 F = 9.818 Student’s t-test for IL-6; **p = 0.0032 t = − 3.4053 F = 1.397 Student’s t-test for IL-8