TABLE II. Serological Antibody-Based.
| Ref. | Substrate / Approach | Detection tools | Detection time | LOD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [57] | L-CHR (ELISA paper-based) | Colorimetric reaction, camera-image processing Matlab | 30 min | 9 ng
 −1
|
| [58] | Nanoluciferase (NanoLuc) | battery-supported portable luminometer | 5 min | |
| [60] | Graphene oxide, paper-based | Square-wave voltammetry | 30 min | 1 ng/mL |
| [62] | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) | A portable SPR instrument | 15 min |
 /mL |
| [113] | PSS, AuNPs, paper-based | Colorimetric reaction, smartphone app | <10 min | 1.3 pg mL−1 |
| [66] | Photonic crystal | PRAM digital | 15 min | 26.7 ± 7.7 pg mL−1 |
| [59] | Reciprocasting-flowing (RF) immunobinding (RF-ELISA chip) | Colorimetric reaction, image software | 4–5 min | - |
| [65] | Opto-microfludic chip | Reflection probe (LSPR-based) | ~ 30 min | ~ 0.08 ng/mL |
| [64] | Non-faradaic capacitive immunosensing | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) | <5min | - |
ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PSS = polystyrene sulfonate, AuNPs = gold nanoparticles, L-CHR = the sandwich paper (whatman chromatography filter paper + laminated films),PRAM = photonic resonator microscopy, LSPR = localized surface plasmon