TABLE III. Antigen-Based.
| Ref. | Substrate / Approach | Detection tools | Detection time | LOD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [70] | LFIA-based, using scFv-Fc fusion antibodies | Portable LFIA reader (N-antigen) | >20 min |
 4 pfu/reaction |
| [32] | Field-effect transistor -based | 2634B semiconductor analyzer (S-antigen) | - |
 1 pfu/mL (culture medium) 2.42
 102 copies/mL(clinical sample) |
| [72] | P-FAB | U-bend fiber probe optics (N-antigen) | 15 min | 10–18 M |
| [61] | Co-TNTs-based electrochemical sensor | Potentiostat (S antigen) | ~30 s | 14 to 1400 nM (nano molar) |
| [73] | Nanozyme chemiluminescence paper-based | CCD or smartphone (S antigen) | 16 min | 0.1 ng/mL |
| [114] | Engineered surfaces based on SAMs | quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) (S-antigen) | - | - |
| [115] | Dielectric modulated FET biosensor | FET sensor(S protein and DNA protein) | - | - |
| [71] | Membrane engineering | Customized multichannel potentiometer (S antigen) | 3 min | 1 fg/mL |
| [76] | Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) | Portable potentiostats (N-antigen) | ±45 min | 15 fM |
| [116] | Screen printed electrode electrochemical diagnostic kit | CV analysis tool | 1 min |
 mL−1
|
| [74] | Nanoplasmonic sensor chip | Microplate reader (S-antigen) | 15 min | 370 vp/mL |
| [75] | Field-induced transport of a sensor complex | Potentiostat (S antigen) | 5 min | 4000 copies/mL |
| [63] | Toroidal plasmonic metasensor | THz metasensors (S antigen) | ~80 min | ~4.2 fmol |
LFIA = lateral flow immunoassay, FET = field-effect transistor, P-FAB = plasmonic fiber-optic absorbance sensor, ssDNA = single-stranded DNA, AuNPs = gold nanoparticle, THz = Terahertz, Co-TNTs = cobalt-functionalized TiO2 nanotubes, CCD = charge-coupled device, SAMs = self-assembled monolayers, QCM = quartz crystal microbalance, CV = cyclic voltammetry