TABLE IV. Diagnostic Techniques.
| Ref. | Sample used | Diagnostic technique | Target |
|---|---|---|---|
| [57] | Blood | ELISA | Antibody |
| [116] | Blood and Saliva | Electrochemical detection | Spike glycoprotein |
| [65] | Blood | Optical detection | Spike protein antibody |
| [64] | Serum sample | EIS | Antibodies |
| [103] | Pharyngeal swab | RT-LAMP Colorimetry | ORF8 and N SARS-CoV-2 genes |
| [105] | Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs | RT-LAMP Colorimetry | S-gene and NA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) of SARS-CoV-2 |
| [108] | Saliva | RT-LAMP Colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and real time fluorescence | Nucleocapsid (Gene N) and Orf1ab regions |
DPV = Differential pulse voltammetry; OCP-EIS = open circuit potential-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy