FIGURE 3.

Application of brain organoids in neurotoxicity assessment. Typically, neurotoxicity to brain organoids is measured by morphological analysis, such as bright field microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. By combining transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics analysis, researchers could identify the certain mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity. Additionally, the functional changes in neurons can be clarified by electrophysiology and calcium imaging analysis. Moreover, in high-throughput neurotoxicity studies, the readouts are usually collected by miniaturized monitors such as MEAs and microcameras and then processed by a machine learning algorithm processor. The combination of machine learning algorithms enables comprehensive and reliable high-throughput neurotoxicity assessment.