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. 2022 Jan 21;9:767866. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.767866

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Copyright © 2022 Guo, Shen, Zhou, Yang, Liang, Zhou, Li, Liu, Yang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ER whorls tether unfolded proteins under stress. (A) ER whorls and unfolded protein (UP) puncta appear only under stress. Scale bar = 10 μm. (B) Quantification of unfolded protein puncta and whorls under stress. A 6-h treatment of 10 mM DTT induced both unfolded protein and whorls formation at a final ratio of 81.7 ± 2.1% and 75.7 ± 2.0% (mean ± SD; from n = 235 cells), respectively. ****: p < 0.0001. (C) 3D view of colocalization of unfolded proteins and whorls. Unfolded proteins may be in contact with the outside surfaces of whorls (a) or exist inside the whorls (b). Scale bar = 1 μm. (D) Quantification of localization of unfold proteins with respect to whorls, 68.3 ± 0.3% (mean ± SD; from n = 355) of whorls have UPs attached to the membrane (ON), 19.3 ± 0.2% of whorls wrapped UPs inside (IN).