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. 2021 May 10;18(1):104–123. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1909407

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© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

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Figure 1. — Schematic of the mechanism of autophagy in yeast and mammalian cells. Schematics of the five discrete steps that characterize the process of autophagy, and the Atg modules involved. For details see main text. All yeast and mammalian Atg proteins are indicated with their respective numbers. AM, AMBRA1; BE, BECN1; NR, NRBF2; RB1, RB1CC1; U1, ULK1; V15, Vps15/PIK3R4; V30, Vps30; V34, Vps34/PIK3C3; W45, WDR45/WIPI4. Black arrows indicate the assembly hierarchy of the Atg machinery and the progression of autophagy.