Table 1.
Characterized phosphosites on the yeast Atg machinery
|
Atg protein and phosphosites |
Function |
Kinase Phosphatase |
References |
|
| Atg1 | ||||
| Ser34 | Kinase activity decrease | ? | ? | [52] |
| Thr226 | Autoactivation, autophagy | Atg1 | Ptc2 | [39,41,110] |
| Ser230 | Autoactivation, autophagy | Atg1 | ? | [39] |
| Ser508 | PAS localization and autophagy inhibition | PKA | ? | [51] |
| Ser515 | PAS localization and autophagy inhibition | PKA | ? | [51] |
| Ser518 | ? | TORC1 | ? | [53] |
| Atg4 | ||||
| Ser307 | Atg4 proteolytic activity and autophagy inhibition | Atg1 | ? | [158] |
| Atg9 | ||||
| Ser19 | Phagophore formation induction | Atg1 | ? | [142] |
| Ser122 | Enhancement of the interaction With Atg23 and Atg27, and autophagy | ? | ? | [116] |
| Ser657 | Phagophore formation induction | Atg1 | ? | [142] |
| Ser802 | Phagophore formation induction | Atg1 | ? | [142] |
| Ser831 | Phagophore formation induction | Atg1 | ? | [142] |
| Ser948 | Phagophore formation induction | Atg1 | ? | [142] |
| Ser969 | Phagophore formation induction | Atg1 | ? | [142] |
| Atg13 | ||||
| Ser344 | PAS localization and autophagy | PKA | ? | [68] |
| Ser348 | Mutated in Atg13[8SA], possibly inhibiting autophagy | ? | (Cdc14) | [65,97] |
| Ser428 | Atg17 binding and autophagy inhibition | TORC1 Atg1 | Ptc2 Ptc2 | [41,53] [67] |
| Ser429 | Atg17 binding and autophagy inhibition | TORC1 Atg1 | Ptc2 Ptc2 | [41] [67] |
| Ser437 | PAS localization and autophagy inhibition, mutated in Atg13[8SA] | PKA | (Ptc2, Ptc3) | [65,68,110] |
| Ser438 | Mutated in Atg13[8SA], possibly inhibiting autophagy | ? | (Ptc2, Ptc3) | [65,110] |
| Ser496 | Autophagy inhibition, mutated in Atg13[8SA] | Atg1 | (Ptc2, Ptc3) | [53,65,110] |
| Ser535 | Mutated in Atg13[8SA], Possibly inhibiting autophagy | Atg1 | (Cdc14) | [53,65,97] |
| Ser541 | Mutated in Atg13[8SA], possibly inhibiting autophagy | ? | (Cdc14) | [65,97] |
| Ser581 | PAS localization and autophagy inhibition | PKA | ? | [68] |
| Ser637 | ? | TORC1 | ? | [53] |
| Ser644 | TORC1 | ? | [53] | |
| Ser646 | Mutated in Atg13[8SA], Possibly inhibiting autophagy | TORC1 | (Cdc14) | [53,65,97] |
| Ser649 | Mutated in Atg13[8SA], possibly inhibiting autophagy | ? | (Ptc2, Ptc3) | [65,110] |
| Atg29 | ||||
| Ser106 | Autophagy induction | Atg1 | ? | [53] |
| Thr115 | Autophagy inhibition | TORC1 | ? | [53] |
| Ser129 | Autophagy induction | Atg1 | ? | [53] |
| Ser197 | Release of self-inhibition, autophagy induction | ? | ? | [73] |
| Ser199 | Release of self-inhibition autophagy induction | ? | ? | [73] |
| Ser201 | Release of self-inhibition | Atg1 | ? | [53,73] |
| Atg31 | ||||
| Ser174 | Positive regulation of Atg9 trafficking and autophagy | ? | ? | [75] |
| Vps30 | ||||
| Ser85 | ? | Atg1 | ? | [53] |
| Ykt6 | ||||
| Thr158 | Autophagosome-vacuole fusion inhibition | ? | ? | [182,183] |
| Ser182 | Autophagosome-vacuole fusion inhibition | Atg1 | ? | [182,183] |
| Ser183 | Autophagosome-vacuole fusion inhibition | Atg1 | ? | [182,183] |
Additional phosphosites on the core Atg machinery modified by Atg1 and TORC1 have been systematically mapped in vivo and in vitro [53], but their relevance for autophagy progression remains to be established.
Putative enzymes catalyzing a given dephosphorylation are in parentheses.