FIG 10.

Activation status of different immune cells observed in marmoset blood following challenge with either MERS-CoV strain EMC/2012 or England 1 by different routes of challenge. (A) Cytotoxic CD8⁺ cells; (B) NK⁺ T cells; (C) CD69⁺ expression of NK cells; (D) CD16⁺ expression of NK cells. For illustrative purposes, expression levels of CD16⁺ on NK cells are shown for animals challenged with MERS-CoV strain EMC/2012 by the aerosol route and euthanized on days 2 and 7. Significant differences were determined by ANOVA with data transformed, Y = log(Y), to ensure normal data (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001).