Table 1.
Hippocampal Apoptotic Index, Microglia Percentage, Reactive Astrocyte Percentage, and Serum Biomarkers for Brain Injury Results for All Groups
| Brain Injury and Neuroinflammation Outcomes | Median (IQR) |
P Value (Kruskal-Wallis Test) | P Value (Dunn’s Multiple Comparison Test) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MV Group (n = 10) | TTDN50% + MV Group (n = 8) | TTDN100% + MV Group (n = 7) | NV Group (n = 6) | ||||
| Hippocampal apoptotic index | 31.70 (29.79–43.76) | 20.53 (10.85–26.46) | 6.57 (4.94–11.26) | 0.96 (0.50–1.61) | <0.0001 | MV vs. TTDN50% + MV | ns |
| MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | 0.0041 | ||||||
| MV vs. NV | <0.0001 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. NV | 0.0205 | ||||||
| TTDN100% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| IBA-1–positive hippocampal cells*, % | 36.17 (30.71–48.27) | 16.70 (10.82–22.42) | 9.80 (7.86–11.19) | 10.12 (8.93–10.65) | 0.0002 | MV vs. TTDN50% + MV | ns |
| MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | 0.0002 | ||||||
| MV vs. NV | 0.0006 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN100% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| IBA-1–positive hippocampal cells with proinflammatory characteristics, % | 8.11 (6.74–9.69) | 2.50 (2.02–2.88) | 1.60 (1.10–1.77) | 1.63 (1.32–2.06) | 0.0004 | MV vs. TTDN50% + MV | ns |
| MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | 0.0025 | ||||||
| MV vs. NV | 0.0011 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN100% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| IBA-1–positive hippocampal cells with antiinflammatory characteristics, % | 27.82 (23.63–32.00) | 12.23 (7.36–19.54) | 8.37 (6.86–9.41) | 8.20 (7.68–8.50) | 0.0004 | MV vs. TTDN50% + MV | ns |
| MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | 0.0022 | ||||||
| MV vs. NV | 0.0018 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN100% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| GFAP-positive hippocampal cells, % | 25.63 (21.21–28.66) | 11.93 (5.81–15.78) | 10.41 (7.10–11.56) | 10.69 (9.31–12.85) | 0.0009 | MV vs. TTDN50% + MV | 0.0221 |
| MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | 0.0004 | ||||||
| MV vs. NV | 0.0037 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN100% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| GFAP serum concentration, ng/ml | 0.40 (0.28–0.57) | 0.29 (0.25–0.32) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 0.15 (0.07–0.23) | <0.0001 | MV vs. TTDN50% + MV | ns |
| MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | <0.0001 | ||||||
| MV vs. NV | 0.0043 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | 0.0015 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN100% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| UCHL1 serum concentration, pg/ml | 96.96 (80.65–109.60) | 110.00 (97.59–200.40) | 44.68 (36.56–58.34) | 76.57 (42.48–90.26) | 0.0013 | MV vs. TTDN50% + MV | ns |
| MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | 0.0325 | ||||||
| MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | 0.0015 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. NV | 0.0348 | ||||||
| TTDN100% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| S100β serum concentration, pg/ml | 193.10 (129.20–223.30) | 230.50 (157.90–361.80) | 150.30 (110.30–200.10) | 360.90 (252.10–803.90) | <0.0001 | MV vs. TTDN50% + MV | ns |
| MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | ns | ||||||
| MV vs. NV | 0.0012 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN100% + MV vs. NV | 0.0002 | ||||||
| NSE serum concentration, ng/ml | 16.84 (5.66–24.28) | 16.72 (8.29–27.74) | 4.17 (3.71–4.51) | 32.23 (6.86–38.25) | 0.0004 | MV vs. TTDN50% + MV | ns |
| MV vs. TTDN100% + MV | ns | ||||||
| MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. TTDN100%+MV | 0.0185 | ||||||
| TTDN50% + MV vs. NV | ns | ||||||
| TTDN100% + MV vs. NV | 0.0001 | ||||||
Definition of abbreviations: GFAP = glial fibrillary acid protein; IBA = ionizing calcium-binding adaptor molecule; IQR = interquartile range; MV = mechanical ventilation; ns = not significant; NSE = neuron specific enolase; NV = never ventilated; TTDN50% = temporary transvenous diaphragm neurostimulation every other breath; TTDN100% = temporary transvenous diaphragm neurostimulation every breath; UCHL1 = ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1.
*
Includes hippocampal cells with proinflammatory and antiinflammatory characteristics.