Table 2.
Characteristics of the Study Participants (n=816)
| NGM (n = 380) | Prediabetes (n = 334) | NDM (n = 102) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) | 123 (32.4) | 121 (36.2) | 35 (34.7) | 0.096 |
| Age (years) | 57.56 ± 5.79 | 59.38 ± 5.79 | 60.08 ± 6.21 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 58 (15.2) | 57 (17.1) | 18 (17.3) | 0.577 |
| Hypertension (%) | 75 (19.6) | 124 (37.1) | 36 (35.6) | 0.033 |
| WC (cm) | 81.26 ± 8.88 | 84.22 ± 9.58 | 87.24 ± 13.97 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.87 ± 2.90 | 24.70 ± 3.05 | 26.18 ± 4.21 | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 141.46 ± 20.11 | 139.42 ± 19.31 | 139.93 ± 19.64 | 0.597 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 84.75 ± 13.94 | 83.81 ± 13.31 | 84.27 ± 13.19 | 0.073 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.11 ± 0.82 | 5.26 ± 0.85 | 5.27 ± 0.99 | 0.008 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.55 (0.50, 8.22) | 1.79 (0.58, 7.43) | 1.85 (0.83, 12.5) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.47 ± 0.65 | 1.33 ± 0.38 | 1.29 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.68 ± 0.68 | 2.87 ± 0.71 | 2.85 ± 0.79 | < 0.001 |
| SUA (mmol/L) | 271.09 ± 76.87 | 293.68 ± 78.21 | 295.94 ± 78.04 | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.11 ± 1.39 | 5.07 ± 1.21 | 4.95 ± 1.33 | 0.282 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.79 ± 0.17 | 0.78 ± 0.16 | 0.79 ± 0.18 | 0.656 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 90.51 ± 13.76 | 91.03 ± 13.25 | 90.20 ± 14.77 | 0.540 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.32 (4.3,5.6) | 6.04 (5.0,6.4) | 7.14 (6.0,11.8) | < 0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.06 ± 0.31 | 5.62 ± 0.57 | 7.35 ± 2.42 | < 0.001 |
| BCAAs | ||||
| L-Leu (μg/mL) | 25.57 ± 5.13 | 26.64 ± 5.43 | 27.74 ± 5.11 | < 0.001 |
| L-Ile (μg/mL) | 12.68± 2.97 | 13.22± 2.91 | 13.67± 2.51 | < 0.001 |
| L-Val (μg/mL) | 30.75± 12.12 | 31.48± 5.81 | 32.47± 5.57 | < 0.001 |
| MDA (nmol/L) | 0.86 ± 0.71 | 0.83 ± 0.47 | 0.95 ± 0.43 | 0.023 |
| SOD (u/mL) | 59.53± 12.12 | 56.39 ± 13.46 | 56.98± 12.39 | 0.040 |
Notes: Data were presented as means (±SD) or median with range (minimum, maximum) as appropriate, and categorical variables are expressed as number (%). Comparisons between the three groups were made using ANOVA or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. P values testing the overall difference among different glucose metabolism groups. International system of units (SI) conversion: serum creatinine, 1mg/dl=88.41umol/L.
Abbreviations: NGM, normal glucose metabolism; NDM, newly diagnosed diabetes; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; SUA, serum uric acid; BUN, urea nitrogen; e-GFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; L-Leu, L-leucine; L-Ile, L-isoleucine; L-Val, L-valine; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; BCAAs, branched-chain amino acids; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde.